An Overview of Peace and Conflict

AN OVERVIEW OF PEACE AND encounter DEFINITIONS peace of mind of mind is frequently seen as the confabulation of state of war. i. e. peace and war as two sides of the same coin. Hence the definition of peace as the absence of war, and that of war as the absence of peace The problem with this definition is that it does not explain everything about peace and war For example even in situations of war, some conditions of peace still prevail. E. g. in spite the long years of hostilities between the Israelis and Palestinians, both have been adequate to(p) to r from each one a composed stipulation on the use of their urine resources.Secondly, the definition does not take into account the issue of structural violence, in the words of deception Galtung. According to Galtung, war represents only one course of violence, which is physical, open and direct. The others form of violence has to do with fond conditions of life. This consists of Poverty animadversion Intimidation Oppres sion Want Fear and Other forms of psychological wring So from this analysis, it is possible not to have peace even where at that place is no war.This is the situation in countries where there is acute poverty, police brutality, conquering of the poor by the rich, use of power to intimidate people by those in power. Even where there is no war in such(prenominal) societies, they may not have peace (Ibeanu) OTHER VIEW OF CONFLICT action as the pursuit of incompatible interests and goals by various groups Conflict occurs as a struggle over values. The values may be in terms of physical of material possessions or resources, status or power. (Louise Coser) Central to conflict is the issue of perception.When one party perceives the action of other as preventing or blocking the attainment of a goal, conflict is express to occur. Therefore the two ingredients necessary for conflict to occur atomic number 18 ? perceive goal incompatibility ?Perceived opportunity for interference or blocking. In other words, conflict occurs when an intended action is perceived to be unfriendly or detrimental to the realization of ones objective chiefly perception is a overlap of mans physiological, cognitive and pagan dispositions which of course differ from person to persons, and from one environment to another.Therefore, we can enunciate that conflict is inevitable to the extent that it is fundamental to the earthly concern of any institution, physical structure or troupe It is inevitable because human beings are naturally different from one another in their attitude, perception and orientation. solely conflicts could be foul if not properly handled. Hence we often sat that the way and air conflicts are resolved differentiates one organization or corporation from another. non-homogeneous PERSPECTIVE OF PEACE To the Instrumentalists Peace is a means to an end. Here the absence of war serves the objective of social progress and development.In other words, where there is peace, night club will experience positive transformation in all facets of life. 2. TO THE FUNCTIONALISTS Peace has a social function of integration and order. That peace is fundamental if party is to function properly. If not the social and policy-making system will experience stress, and then brake down. 3. TO THE PHILOSOPHERS Many philosophers interpret peace as a natural, original, beau ideal-given state of human existence. i. e. , the pre-corruption state of man in society, as God established it. This is the Gods created state of perfection.EXAMPLES OF PHILOSOPHERS St. Augustine of Hippo He elevated between two cities, namely The city of God, founded on perfect celestial peace and spiritual salvation and the Earthly city of man, founded on encyclopedism and possessive mentality of man, but corrupt and always in conflict. John Rousseau He sees from the angle of a state of nature, the original state of existence of man where there are no appetencys, where men were nat urally good, leave office and enjoy tranquility. But this atmosphere was corrupted by human desire and greed for private property THOMAS HOBBESHis argument was that peace is a product of the state of nature where life was poor nasty, brutish and short, and where society was in a state of perpetual war. For men to overcome this forbidding state, they resolved to establish a social contract in which each gave up his/her right to self defiance to powerful force (what he called the leviathan) above all to which all were subject, thus creating a more peaceful and orderly life THE HEDONISTS AND UTILITARIANS Argue that human beings naturally seek contentment and avoid pain, and consequently prefer peace to war and violence. PLATO He addresses the social condition of peace. He sees justice as the most fundamental tooshie of ordered social life. For him, justice is the basis of peaceful social life. evaluator is given to each his or her live. Plato defines society in terms of common c hord classes of people Workers engaged in production men of appetite Soldiers take the society men of courage -Rulers Govern the society Men of cognition Each must operate within his area of competence, and where this does not operate, he sees injustice SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PEACE The Sociologist in addition addresses the social context of peace The Sociologist sees peace as a condition of social harmony, the absence of social antagonisms Peace to the sociologist, is a condition in which there is no social conflict and individuals and groups are able to meet their needs and expectations This is achieved with the establishment of structures to perform certain basic functions of society for example a society must service, it must educate it citizens, produce goods government and its often provide security for its members.To achieve these structures such as schools, industries, parliaments, courts and armed forces are established. Therefore to the sociologists, peace i s achieved where these structures perform their functions adequately TO THE MARXISTS Conflict is a product of dialectical materialism It is a product of the structure of rewards in the society It is a reflection of the nature of class and class struggle This breeds a struggle for the control of the means of production in the society The conduce of the attendant inequality is in two folds Violence perpetrated by the pep pill class on the oppressed Violence engineered by the oppressed against the control class revolutionary violence. Hence the phrase Those who make peaceful turn impossible make violent change inevitable Political perspective of Peace Politically peace is synonymous with political order when the political structures are stable, we talk of peace in the society Peace is also seen as a political condition that makes justice possible. The colapse of the political structures reach men to seek other route to enforce their will. These may be in the form of Mob action, demonstration, strikes or even military coups To hold peace therefore the political structures must be stable and in effect(p) to extent that they perform their role. Politically, these must guarantee citizens participation in the political process ensures tolerance of opposing views and encourage bargaining and negotiation.Also politically speaking, peace suggests that government does not rely on coercion and the instruments of force (such as army, police) in dealing with citizens Instead people willingly accept and follow the dictates of government Peace in this sense connotes mutual consent and agreement to respect the rules governing a society whether locally or internationally. But the question is whose order? Must every political order be sustained just to ensure peace (e. g. The Nazis, Mobutus, Abacha)