Liberation theology Essay

In the article, author Enrique Dussel has asserted that the use of Marxism by theologians was adequate, just and beneficial for society. It is not inconsistent with Christianity; in fact it has increased popularity of the faith especially in nations where economic conditions are harsh and vast disparities exist between privileged classes and the masses. From its inception, liberation theology attempted â€Å"to bring about a social, economic and political change that would permit the exploited classes, the poor and the Latin American people to reach a just, humane, fulfilled life† (p. 86). The author has explained that theologians needed tools to translate the ideas of religious thought to practical, real-world situations and the teachings of Marx provided these tools. Dussel has argued against conventional thought that criticizes Marxism for not being humanistic. He proposes that in fact liberation theology sought to address the plight of human suffering, expanding the gambit from individual to society. Further only those aspects of Marxism have been incorporated by various liberation theologians that are consistent with Christianity. Liberation theology employs â€Å"the use of Marxism – at its proper level, the economic and philosophical – is complete and occurs in a Christian faith that sacrifices nothing of its own tradition† (p. 97). The author’s contention in this regard holds merit. In Latin America and elsewhere people are realizing the faults of capitalism. Recent global economic crises have thrown even the most developed economies to turmoil. Many people are re-considering the meaning of economic development and national prosperity. In terms of faith also, there is realization that the common good must be stressed and only then can society flourish. These ideas are completely in-line with the Christian faith and at the same time, are more relevant to majority of the people.

Jesus and Mohammad Essay

Religion is the food for the soul, a type of food that never spoils or depreciates. It is the vessel of life, a vessel that is unbreakable and never shudders even from the most destructive outside force. It is the cup of morality, the one that shapes our character and personality. With these different views, one can say that religion is an important aspect of one’s life. It constitutes and contributes to the spiritual well-being of an individual, which is faced today with different options regarding their religion of choice. There are Methodists, Protestants, Muslims, Roman Catholics, and more. However, the two most influential and widespread religion are Islam and Christianity. Christianity is believed to be founded by Jesus Christ, the redeemer of humanity. The beliefs of Christians, which are also shared by Roman Catholics, are summarized in a doctrine called the Nicene Creed. In general, Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, that there are three superior beings: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Believers of this religion grew up with teachings about the creation of the world by God in seven days, the fall of Adam and Eve, the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, and the redemption of mankind (Walsh, 2005). On the other hand, Islam is considered to be founded by Mohammad or Muhammad. Its followers are called Muslims and they believe in only one God, Allah. They believe that Muhammad is the last prophet and Jesus is only one of them. Just like in Christianity, they also believe in the final judgment to be passed on to the blessed and the damned (Braswell, 2000). To know better the concept of these two religions, it may be helpful if one will look at the historical background of the prominent personalities of Christianity and Islam. Jesus Christ, also known as Jesus of Nazareth and the Messiah, was the child of Mary and Joseph and born in the humble stable of Bethlehem during the reign of Augustus. The famous Nativity is described as the birth of Jesus where he was visited by the shepherds and the three kings to give their offerings. He is said to be born without original sin and is said to save humankind from sins. One of the most prominent incidences during his childhood years is when he and his parents visited Jerusalem for the feast of Passover. It was during this time that he was lost for several days and nights, and was found by his parents in the temple teaching about the Word of God. After the incident, Jesus made subsequent visits to Jerusalem allowing him to see how corrupted religion was and the need to reform both its doctrine and practice during that time. He performed miracles and taught the Word of God through fables. Most of his teachings focused on the kingdom of God, how God loves mankind, and how God forgives people when they ask. He became well known and was praised by many people. This caught the attention of the Roman governors and the scribes, who ordered his execution when Jesus claimed that he was God. He was tortured, crucified, and died on the cross. After three days, he resurrected from the dead and ascended to heaven. Thus, it marks the start of the salvation of humankind (Stalker, 2009). Conversely, Mohammad is the most prominent personality in Islam. Mohammad or Mahomet was born in Mecca in 571 during the reign of Khusro Anosharwan. His father was named Abdallah while his mother was named Amina. His father died several days before his birth. He became an orphan when he was six years old. It was during this time that his mother died while they were in a journey to Medina. Abdl al-Muttalib, his grandfather, took care of him but died when he was eight years old. Finally, he was taken care of by his father’s brother, Abd Manaf, who joined Muhammad on a caravan to Syria (Rodinson, 2002). He became a camel driver on their journey from Syria to Arabia but soon established his career as manager of caravans together with the merchants. On his travel, he met numerous people with various nationalities such as Christians, pagans, and Jews. At the age of 25, he married Khadija whose age is 15 years older than him. Throughout his life, he sought for contemplation and solitude by visiting Mecca and the caves in Mount Hira. On one of his visits, he was visited by Angel Gabriel and asked him to proclaim the Word of God. He was reluctant at first but later accepted that he was the messenger of God after receiving support from Khadija and subsequent visitations of angel. His teachings include worshipping Allah, repenting from evil, and truth about materialism and immortality. He did not perform miracles but only taught what he received. At the start of his struggle as a prophet, he had only 40 followers, who experienced prosecution because his teachings were said to be a great threat to the Meccan life. However, good news came that there was a small group of people supporting his movement in Yathrib, later called Medina. He established his teachings in Medina and began a movement to reclaim his former land, Mecca. After several battles, he regained Mecca and the entire Meccan population was converted to Islam. He returned to Medina in 632 where he died but Islam had already conquered most of Arabia (â€Å"Life†, 2010). The death of both personalities brought immense impact in their respective religion. Without the death of Jesus, Christianity will not be born. It was through his death that Christianity flourished as his apostles began to preach his word across the nation (Ermatinger, 2007). His death became the heart of Christian faith as it became a proof of God’s love for mankind. â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave us his one and only son that whoever believes in Him will not perish but have eternal life† (John 3:16 New King James Version, 1985). His death allowed people to become closer to God. In addition, his death followed by his resurrection allowed man to have new hope. The first book of Peter stated that: â€Å"Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you† (1 Peter 1:3-4 New King James Version, 1985). The death of Muhammad also allowed Islam to spread. It now extends on both sides of the earth reaching the Atlantic on the other side then reaching the borders of China on the other. The success of the spread of Islam can be attributed to the works of the caliphs, Muhammad’s successor with great political and military abilities (â€Å"Life†, 2010). However, the death of Muhammad brought conflict to the Muslims. Debates conjured and are present up to these days whether leadership must be placed upon Muhammad’s direct descendants (according to Shia) or upon the caliphs (according to Sunni) (â€Å"Comparison†, n. . ). In Christianity, the life of Jesus was celebrated starting from his birth up to his death and resurrection. The birth of Jesus is commemorated by Christians every 25 December and is marked by the giving of gifts and sharing of love. Before this day comes, Christians celebrate the season of Advent to prepare their hearts for his coming. His death and suffering are also commemorated by Christians through the season of Lent. During this season, people subject themselves to fasting and reconciliation of their sins. Moreover, Jesus, which is one of the Holy Trinity, is worshipped by most people through the celebration of the Holy Eucharist every Sunday. Unlike Christians, Muslims do not worship Muhammad. They only view him as the last messenger of God but worship Allah alone (â€Å"Comparison†, n. d. ). Even after the death of Jesus and Muhammad, their words and preaching continuously spread. In Christianity, there is the Bible. Bible comes from the word â€Å"biblos† which means book. It is the compilation of the works of prophets recounting the good deeds and mercy of God on humankind. The bible is also divided into two testaments: the Old and the New. The Old Testament, which consists of 39 books, contains the writings of the Jewish people that reflect their philosophy through literary compositions such as hymns and songs (Weatherall, 2009). The New Testament, on the other hand, is a collection of 27 books that provide a significant influence on Christianity and is recognized as a Sacred Scripture by the Christian Church. Included in this part of the bible is the so-called â€Å"Fourfold Gospels† written by Gospel writers with the books of Mathew and Mark recounting the biographies of Jesus Christ (Achtemeier, Green and Thompson, 2001). In Islam, the means of spreading the word of Muhammad is through the Qur’an or Koran. Its contents are revealed to Muhammad in stages for 23 years. It is considered as the holy book of the Muslims where the revelation part is intended to correct the error found in the Old and New Testaments. It has 114 chapters but is divided into 30 parts called juz. During Ramadan, the Muslims read one juz per day until they complete the whole month celebration (â€Å"Qur’an†, 2009). In conclusion, the two most influential religions in the present society have their own similarities and differences. Despite these, what is more important is how people respect and follow the doctrines of their religions. It does not matter whether he or she is a Christian or a Muslim. What matters most is how that people work themselves to build a life of morality and treasures in heaven and not on earth.

Critical thinking Essay

I value individual balance when I am seeking to satisfy my duties. This is known, as temperance; meaning moderation or self-restraint. As you continue to read, I will be discussing a little on critical thinking, responsibility and I will also point out a couple down falls. You will discover briefly, how I feel about responsibility and my work ethics. Critical thinking is something I do every day both at work and at home. When I take on a new job or project, I use critical thinking to analyze a problem and learn how to solve it. I find myself at my best when I am aware of my duties on a project, learning new information and becoming familiar with the rules and guidelines necessary to complete a project. Critical thinking helps me to understand my reasons for acting and believing that the motive justifies the method. This self-knowledge helps me to see all aspects of the project so I can see the big picture rather than focus on a small piece of the whole. If I find myself not paying attention, I can be tempted to excuse myself from following the rules. I often find myself revisiting how a project needs to be completed in a certain way so I do not overstep any boundaries. I try not to obsess over minute details because they can at times consume me and leave me feeling as though I do not have enough self-knowledge. I do not want to get exhausted, so I make a point to practice mindfulness and take time to reflect. Temperance, fulfilling duties, and self-knowledge are the main three points that I value as an individual. Completing all the duties that I am given to the fullest extent with the guidelines that protect the project, gives me the satisfaction I need for a â€Å"job well done.† An ethical person is one who fulfills his or her duties and does the right thing.

The best way to influence the government by ordinary people Essay

The best way to influence the government by ordinary people - Essay Example make sure that the government listens to the views of the ordinary citizen, and in recent times social networking sites and blogs are proving to be an excellent pathway. The great advantage of social networking sites like facebook, or even twitter, is that they can reach a large number of people very quickly. When an idea takes hold on the internet and is passed from person to person, then it is called a â€Å"viral† process, because it spreads like a virus through the contacts that are made. We can see in the so-called â€Å"Arab Spring† that dissatisfaction with government performance has resulted in protests all across North Africa and the Middle East. Demonstrations and rallies are co-ordinated by facebook, in the large cities at least, and this means that many voices can be heard at the same time, forcing the government to take notice. This has resulted in violence on some occasions, because of the strong feelings of the protestors and the harsh reaction by the governments concerned. Violence, however, is not the best way bring about change. People suffer because of it, and many become bitter, resulting in a cycle of destruction t hat helps nobody. A more effective use of social networking, and one which is used in the United States, is to make concerns public on the internet, and to draw attention to issues that a lot of people would like to change. Many pathways from the twentieth century like writing letters to a member of Congress, or drawing up a petition, or even lobbying key politicians, can now be done online in the twenty-first century. The issue of climate change has many different dimensions, and an ordinary citizen can choose social networking sites for different types of action. For local issues, it is possible to join a local lobbying group, and to participate in meetings, for example to protest about any environmental damage being done by a local factory. Dates and times can be published on the protest group’s web, or blog, or facebook page,

Three course-changing Events in the history of western technology Term Paper

Three course-changing Events in the history of western technology - Term Paper Example The present superiority of the western world crucially pivots on the excellence of the technological development which mainly starts in the first half of the 18th century. Inventions of new technologies and gradual shift from manual labor to machine for nationwide internal production gradually begin to make the warring nations of the European continent outbound in search of newer supplies of raw materials to feed their gigantic machine-based industries and at the same time newer markets in order to sell the surplus commodities and goods after meeting their national demands. Consequently, Europe-controlled trade and commerce began to expand rapidly all over the world. Therefore, an economically strong militarily superior and Europe began to emerge in world politics. Indeed the West did not achieve this excellence overnight. Rather the west has a long tradition of science and technology and a great deal of course-changing inventions of technology. Among these course-changing events in technology, the inventions of print-machine, dry compass and the birth of Leonardo de Vinci are the most mentionable three. Indeed the chronology of the two inventions is such that the following had been benefitted by the preceding one. Gutenberg’s Invention of Printing Machine in 1436 It will not be an exaggeration to say that an enlightened Europe had been possible to a great extent because of Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of printing technology in 1436. ... According to a study, by the end of the fifteenth century, there were about 236 cities, all over Europe, that established printing machines (Febvre 36). But by the end of the 16th Century the printing presses in the European countries had produced about 200 millions of books. In the 1600s, the printing presses in Europe were â€Å"capable of producing 3,600 impressions per workday† (Wolf 213). Indeed, it is almost impossible to sum up the effects and the aftermaths of the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press. To a great extent, the invention of printing press was one of the direct catalysts of the Reformation. The catholic versus protestant conflict during the Reformation was able to achieve a popular dimension amongst the common people with the blessings of the printing presses. About 750000 pieces of Erasmus’s work, one of the leading figures of the Reformation, were sold in print-format during his lifetime. Again 300000 printed copies of Luther’s tra cts were distributed among the common people. Apart from the Reformation as the direct consequence of the invention of Gutenberg printing press, there are numerous events in the history of western world that can be linked with this invention. The Renaissance, the Enlightenment of Europe, the Age of Exploration and the Industrial Revolution were some of the remote mega events that were engendered by the invention of printing press since it led to the democratization of knowledge while establishing numerous groups of scholars and communities of scientists. Effects of the Invention of Dry-Compass and the Development of Maritime Technology Contemporary to the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press, the invention of dry compass along

Marketing planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing planning - Essay Example The time when company started its business, only 20 smoothies were sold and this figure has increased up to 420,479 smoothies’ everyday which is a considerable achievement. Increasing sales, revenues and consumption of smoothies indicate that the quality of products offered by the company has been remarkable because of which Innocent Drinks is able to achieve a lot. Products offered by the company are made up of natural fruits and the quality management team makes sure that the fruits are fresh so that the quality of the products is maintained. Product life cycle is defined as the stage of the product as the life of the product increases, it moves from growth stage to maturity stage and then it starts declining (Kotler, 2009). Smoothies are at present during the growth stage of product lifecycle (Innocent). Products offered by Innocent Drinks are also at present in the growth stage and the increasing demand of smoothies represents further growth of the product. As the products offered by the company are still growing and generating substantial amount of revenues for Innocent Drinks. The market as well as the company is growing at the moment however major portion of the industry has been captured by Innocent Drinks with approximately 71% of the total market share. At a time when the market growth rate would decline, then Innocent Drinks can be considered as cash cow. Perceptual mapping shows that the products offered by Innocent Drinks are considered as of high quality and at the same time the prices of these products are believed to be relatively higher than the prices of competitors. Although some competitors are offering it at a lower price, but then the quality of products offered by these competitors is a question mark thus Innocent Drink is able to provide quality products at a relatively higher price. According to Ansoff Matrix the

The Painting Reclining Woman on the Beach Essay

The Painting Reclining Woman on the Beach - Essay Example The essay "The Painting Reclining Woman on the Beach" explores Pablo Picasso's painting. This painting Reclining Woman on the Beach has two distinct and strongly contrasting elements, the first being the woman and the beach she is lying on, and the second being the mountains and sky that serve as a background to the image. The woman and the beach she is lying on both use thick lines and broad, sweeping curves to define their shapes, while the mountain tops in the background are jagged geometric affairs like triangular teeth cutting into the sky, which creates offset parallel strucutures between the sky and the mountains – that is, if you mirrored the sky over a horizontal plane of the painting, it would make the shape of the mountains, and the mountains would make the shape of the sky. The coloration in the two main elements are also vastly different – the woman is predominantly pale or pearly, but has many dashes of different colors throughout her body, that fade in an d out gradually – green in some places, purple in others and so on. The mountains and sky, on the other hand, are broad swaths of a single color, with the mountains having distinct blotches of white on them. The jagged mountain tops serve as a geometrical counterpoint to the curve of the woman, emphasizing her curviness and underscoring the fundamental importance of curves to a woman’s beauty or form. Furthermore, the softy changing colors on the woman’s body could indicate aging, and imply mutability, which combined with her soft curves. contrast with the broad expanses of unchanging colors on the mountains and the sky, reminding the viewer about the corruptibility of beauty and the frailty of life, especially when compared with the age old mountains that go on essentially unchanged. With all this contrast, Picasso ties together the two elements by treating them with broadly the same light and texture to create a unified work out of all of these disparate parts . There are many elements of design present that touch on similar topics to the elements of form. The scale of the woman, who takes up the vast majority of the space on the canvas, both implies the woman is in the foreground (obviously) but also puts her in a relative position of power over the mountains, which are made subordinate by their less imposing size. She even casts a shadow on the mountains, making it appear that they are in fact close behind her and she is simply massive, further reinforcing her importance. The mountains are essentially the same shape, repeated again and again, which serves to emphasize their regularity and eternal nature, which calls the viewer’s attention to how unique the woman reclining on the beach is, that she is one-of-a kind, and that every person, while sharing forma similarities to other people, is completely unique. This composition is notably lacking in white space, with the closest things being the sky in the background and the orange shape that takes up a portion of the right side of the screen. This both makes the woman seem to be the negative space, but also gives a crowded compositional element to contrast to the woman’s apparent ease. The content of this work appears to be an analysis of the woman’s form, a kind of toying with it that over-emphasizes some shapes while under-emphasizing others. The ratio of the woman’s head to the rest of her body may be a telling indication of the focus of the piece, which could be set to objectify the woman who is at its heart. It also touches on themes of beauty, of the unique visual nature of each individual human, and of the soft, changing mutability of human nature in contrast to the

Strategic Plan Part 1 Conceptulizing a Business Essay

Strategic Plan Part 1 Conceptulizing a Business - Essay Example All the aforementioned components exemplify the nature and purpose of an organization, its long-term goals, intention and logic behind its actions. This paper will present a comprehensive view of the function of the aforementioned elements in the formulation of a strategic plan. This paper will show this by establishing a mission, vision and values for Health and Beauty Rejuvenate (HBR). Proper business planning allows for the fulfillment of needs of both the firm and its customers. The objective of Health and Beauty Rejuvenate is to become the most recognized and preferential spa of choice where customers to enhance their innate beauty. The firm will strive to offer its customers a tranquil environment with the view to provide the best spa services to its customers. The center of the spa’s vision is to manage its operations in a long-term milieu with the aim of enhancing both shareholder and customer value and giving back to the local community in which the business will operate. The organization has a single focus i.e. to pamper its customers. The organization’s mission is not only to restore and relax its customers but also to rejuvenate its customers’ wellness and beauty. HBR intends to cater for its customers’ needs fully by providing first class services at immensely affordable rates. HBR aims at creating a peaceful environment, which ensures the clients instantly forget about their every day stresses, as well as providing services, which enhance clients’ lives. HBR will attain this objective through the employment of highly skilled and educated professionals committed to gaining thorough knowledge and appreciation of the firm’s clients to meet all their needs (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). Since the mission of HBR is to become a world class and the spa of choice, HBR will endeavor to expand its business and attain permanence through the realization that its values are crucial to the execution of these

Do we have a fair taxation system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Do we have a fair taxation system - Essay Example Nevertheless, the main system used in most nations is the progressive tax which emphasizes on paying as one earns (Christia, 2006). Each system of taxation is fair and unfair in its own way. Progressive, regressive, and lump-sum taxation systems are unfair while proportional taxation system is very fair when applied in obtaining revenue. Progressive tax system is where the effective tax rate increases as the amount affected by the rate increases. In most cases progressive tax system is known as the PAYE (Pay as you earn). This means that the more a person earns the more tax he or she pays (Hatzipanayotou, 2004). With progressive tax system those who work hard to earn more are likely to be charged more in terms of tax and this is unfair. Progressive tax rate encourages laziness and discourages hard work. On a different perspective regressive tax system is the opposite of progressive. In this regards with decreases effective rate the amount affected increases on the other hand (Christia, 2006). This is also an unfair system of taxation as those who have will pay less as compared to the poor. In addition, this means that the more a person earns the less he or she pays in form of tax and the less a person earns the more he or she pays in form of tax (Freedman & Chamberlain, 2007). Lump-sum tax system on the other hand d oes not give priority on the efforts placed by individuals in developing their nations. Therefore, these three systems of taxation are unfair. Proportional taxation system emphasizes on the effort placed by individual citizens in trying to build their countries. In this taxation system, the effective tax rate is fixed irrespective of the amount being taxed (Slemrod, 2000). Therefore, the more a person earns the more he or she takes home with the tax rate being the same. Schmidt (2000) points out that when one is lazy hence

My life would be like if all my wishes came true Essay

My life would be like if all my wishes came true - Essay Example I find it extremely disturbing that there are so many people who suffer on and off our streets because they cannot afford a meal or a roof over their heads, many times I walk home in the evenings I run into them waiting for soup kitchens to open, sleeping on park benches and sometimes under culverts. I have always wished there was a way I could help them and if may wishes were to come true, such people would get second or third shot at life, and they would be off the streets and with their families once again. I dislike and always try to avoid conflict situation be it with my friend’s parents, or teacher, I feel that most arguments and disagreements are because people misunderstand me. As a result, I have always wished I could read minds, that way I would know what my teachers want  and what they  are  thinking so I can react accordingly. Mind reading would also help keep me safe since I would know what everyone around me is thinking, and this is would be very useful to avoid getting into dangerous situations by avoiding people with violent thoughts. I would generally have more money, friends and my life would change in so many ways, I would never have to ask for money from my parents and I could just go to the mall and pick out the latest gear without worrying about the price tags. I would be more comfortable around my friends since they would be loyal and I would not have to worry about being backstabbed or betrayed. Furthermore, I have always wished to travel around the world and see the wonders one summer, I would have the time of my life vesting the pyramids the great wall of China, as well as the all the other famous sites. I would go back in time and try to undo the mistakes I have made and also prevent major disasters such as September 2011s terrorist attacks. I would also travel forward in time so I could see how the future will look like especially the levels of technology which I would bring back and try to develop today’s

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets Essay - 5

Innovation, Creativity and Enterprise in Markets - Essay Example This essay focuses on Google company that is a very successful modern and innovative company because it excels in the three fields of innovation, entrepreneurial skills, and developing opportunities. Its business success is probably unprecedented, that's why the researcher explored the company in the essay. Google has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry in just over 13 years. The researcher investigates Google’s business history and their key strategies from the perspective of three ways, such as their innovative strategies, their partnerships, and acquisitions. This strategies have given them an edge and made this organisation such an amazing success story. It is hard to squeeze Google into management theories because it only innovates; that is how it runs its operations and finances. Marketing theories are based on creating/selling products that people demand, whereas at Google, employees work hard to create something new that is good enough to create its own demand. Additionally, when a multi-billion dollar company such as Google hunts for venture capital investment from anywhere and everywhere around the globe, it shows it operations by its own rules and does not fit into any orthodox management theories. No one can contest its business operations because of the entrepreneurial achievements for which it is known. After discussing Google from the three aspects stated above, this essay draws solid conclusions as to what can be deduced from the discussion and analysis.

The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Essay Example for Free

The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Essay The following were equally important reasons why Stalin was able to hold on to power in the Soviet Union: The purges and show trials The secret police Propaganda and the cult of personality Stalins economic policies Explain how far you agree with this statement There are a number of reasons why I partially agree with this statement, however, I do not believe it would be correct to say that it is totally correct. The fact that Stalin was extremely politically cunning enabled him to combine the above techniques, in order to minimise opposition, and maximise support and production in the soviet state. Stalins techniques can be classed into two main methods of winning support: the use of fear, and the use of propaganda and success in order to persuade. After Stalin achieved power in 1928, he became increasingly paranoid of any opposition. His initial aim was to ensure that his position in power was totally secure, and risk free. In order to achieve this, Stalin used two of the methods mentioned above: the purges and show trials, and the secret police. These two methods were very closely linked and intertwined. From around 1930 onwards, Stalin gave the Secret Police (NKVD) the right to arrest anyone suspected of opposing, or having the potential to oppose Stalin. However, this did not simply include party members who had previously opposed Stalin, for the police would arrest scientists, doctors, actors, teachers, artist and any ordinary people or workers whom Stalin felt threatened by. Naturally, this was an enormous task, and could not be managed by Stalin alone. Instead, a vast army of informers were released into society, to tip off the NKVD of any opposition. Such was the extent of the spying that went on in the 1930s, and Stalins terror of opposition, that children were even encouraged to inform on their own parents, and neighbours would condemn each other, in order to deflect blame from themselves. The situation became extremely similar to that of the Nazi police state, with the Gestapo, in which Hitler used to spy on the public. In addition to this, Stalin even took the extreme measures of executing any members of the NKVD, who were either inefficient at rooting out counter-revolutionaries, or who he suspected of knowing too much about his plans, and posing a potential threat to his position. A number of show trials were also held under Stalins command. These were court cases of predetermined verdict, which were greatly publicised in order to boost support for Stalin. By doing this, Stalin aimed to ward off criticism for having killed millions of Russians as a result of the purges. In 1934 Kirov, a popular leading communist was assassinated. Historians today are quite convinced that Stalin was at least partially responsible for the murder. However, on 13th march, 1936, sixteen old Bolsheviks, including Zinoviev and Kamenev were faced with charges of having been responsible for the death of Kirov, and having plotted against Stalin. Whilst historians today believe that it is extremely unlikely that the two loyal Bolsheviks had anything to do with the assassination of Kirov, all sixteen of the accused were sentenced to be executed on 24 August. This shows how Stalin was able to carefully twist purges and show trials into a form of propaganda, in which he could present himsel f as a great leader, and make it impossible for people to oppose him. In the following years, up to 1938, many more show trials were held. Stalin was extremely quick with dealing with the army, executing over 90 percent (some 25 000) of all Soviet generals in order to make it totally incapable of leading a putsch against Stalin. The Communist party had been purged of anyone likely to face up to Stalin, and all of the old Bolsheviks of the 1917 revolution were gone. History books were rewritten in order to erase any memory of these counter-revolutionaries. By 1939, Peoples lives were crippled with fear of the NKVD, as over 20 million Russians were now in labour camps, 12 million of them dead. To prove this, in 1989, a mass burial pit was discovered, containing the bodies of over 80 000 people who had been executed under Stalins command. However, in the meantime all knowledge of Stalins purges was being erased, and the myth of his greatness being created. Stalin had finally achieved what he wanted, and his position in power was totally safe, with the army incapable of opposing him, and all opposition amongst the communist party, and throughout the Soviet Union removed. This was an extremely important step taken by Stalin, in order to preserve his leadership, however due to the huge cost of these actions, Stalin found the economy under a great deal of stress. It is my belief that Stalin used his economic policies for two main reasons. Firstly a successful economy would cause him to look good, and help him tighten his grip on power. Secondly, the international situation was becoming fairly gloomy for Russia, it was seriously threatened by famine, and it could not compete with other industrial countries, increasingly towards 1938, after Stalins costly purges and show trials. Stalin said in a speech to the first conference of workers, we are fifty to a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make up this gap in ten years. Either we do this or they crush us. We can therefore conclude that it was becoming vital for Stalin to introduce a change in the system in order for Russias economy to survive. After realising that Lenins idea of trying to persuade the Peasants to join collective farms was not working fast enough, Stalin decided that a far more ruthless process was required, in order to produce enough food to support an increasing amount of workers in industry. To begin with, Stalin tried Lenins tactic of persuading peasants, however after they heavily resisted, Stalin became far more brutal. Over 5 million kulak families are thought to have died in labour camps, along with anyone who tried to defend them. Eventually, Stalin achieved the results he wanted, and by 1935, 94 percent of agricultural land had been collectivised, and the kulak class eliminated, however the brutal way in which this process was carried out meant that it was greatly resented by many. On the industrial front, Stalin set about introducing the first Five-year Plan, from 1928 until 1932. This was a regime intended to last for five years, in which GOSPLAN, the State planning Commission constructed a list of ambitious targets to develop industry, power supply, and transport. The basic aim of the plan was to shift Russia away from agriculture slightly, and move more into industry. After having successfully swayed Russia from being an agricultural country, to an agricultural-industrial country, Stalin introduced the second Five-Year plan. This plan involved increasing the production of machinery, such as tractors to keep up with the collectivisation of farming, water supplies and transport. In little time at all, Russia had become the worlds third biggest industrial power, which was an enormous success. These five-year plans were an extremely important method of keeping Stalin in power, as people would become proud of their country and leader, and be reluctant to change. However, this boost in industrial strength came at a heavy price, and the importance of these plans is shown in the tight discipline exercised by Stalin. Managers could be prosecuted, and arrested by the NKVD for failing to reach targets, as it was actually made to be a crime. Every worker was required to have a permit in order to change jobs, and was instantly sacked if absent for more than a couple of days. Alternatively they could be briefly sent to prison! Anyone leaving school had no choice of where they worked, and they were simply allocated to jobs where employees were needed. By the time the third five-year plan was introduced in 1938, Stalin was able to start producing consumer goods, such as radios, bicycles and household goods. In my opinion, these consumer goods were a clever trick played by Stalin, to convince the public that their standard of living was improving, in order to win support. In reality, it was quite the opposite, and living standards generally declined. People were regimented, lost their personal freedom, and were very closely supervised and intimidated by the NKVD. In general, this economic revolution was a fairly important step for Stalin to remain in power. Firstly, although they may have resented the way in which the economy was boosted, it would have triggered a large amount of support from the Russian people, who felt unstable in their economy, and surrounded by hostile neighbours. Many people also shared his view that rapid industrialisation was the only way for Russia to survive, and so would have been extremely impressed after Stalin caused Russia to become second to only the USA in industrial production. Stalin was also extremely aware of the importance of his image, and how the impression he made on people affected the way in which he could govern. He realised that in order to maintain his domination of Russian people, he would be required strictly monitor and regulate all aspects of the media, and promote his qualities which won him respect, so he set up a tight propaganda program, which eventually brainwashed the minds of Russian people. Stalin ensured that all arts, films and books were carefully controlled by the state. Artists were forced to adapt their work so that it glorified the state, and positively projected its policies. Through the careful control of films, Stalin was able to promote himself as running the state as a haven of the good-life for all workers, showing workers having free holidays and happy lives. Films also promoted hard work, by glorifying workers such as Stakhanov, who exceeded his factory quota. Authors were also kept under strict regulation, being forced to promote the state and Stalins policies, and those who wrote anything critical of these thins were arrested by the KGB ( ) and thrown into prison, or disappeared into labour camps. Another way Stalin promoted himself was by presenting himself as the Father and protector of the Soviet Union. Stalin tricked the public into believing that he had been close to Lenin, when in fact, Lenin left a list of complaints of how he disliked Stalin in his testament. In general, I feel that this is a moderately important step towards keeping power in the Soviet Union, as it reduced opposition to his policies, however it would have provoked aggravation amongst people involved in the production of films, books and arts. Stalin a Drawing to a conclusion, I believe that the way in which Stalin sustained his grip on power was extremely complex, and it is therefore very difficult to put a finger on one particular technique and say that it is most important. Realistically, the four main methods used by Stalin; the purges and show trials, the secret police, propaganda and the cult of personality, and Stalins economic policies were all carefully intertwined. For example, Stalin used the show trials, in which he had many counter-revolutionaries falsely accused of murder, as a means of propaganda, to deflect criticism from himself. The secret police were also heavily involved in the three other methods of maintaining power. They ensured that Stalins propaganda campaign ran smoothly, arrested anyone failing to keep up with the pace of Stalins economic policies, and were actively involved in the purges and show trials, to such an extent that some became victims and were exiled or executed. I also believe that Stalins economic polices were partially due to the stress placed on the economy by the costly purges. It is therefore possible to see how all of the reasons why Stalin was able to hold onto power in the Soviet Union were very much dependant on each other. However, I do believe that propaganda was a rather unimportant contribution to Stalins success, after he had achieved power in 1924. Whilst Stalin did a good job of controlling the media and presenting himself well to the Russian people and the rest of the world, many Russians were not really given a choice in the first place. Therefore I believe that even without propaganda, it could have been possible for Stalin to maintain power, due to the way people were strictly monitored and intimidated by the secret police.

Migrants Push Pull

Migrants Push Pull This report is a summary of the presentation given in tutorial class on 2 November 2009 (Appendix 4).  Ã‚   The Push Pull factors upon migrants have occurred throughout history in all nations.   Recent events including World War 2, the establishment of the European Union (EU), economic boom in Dubai, and the growth industry of the international student in Australia. Theorists, such as Klaus Zimmermann, Michael Vogler and Ralph Rotte have helped define the push and pull forces on migration, which in turn, allows governments to identify opportunities to better manage immigration policy. Historical Population Flows UK and Australia. England is what it is today, due to several waves of immigrants.   Romans in 43AD, who took three attempts before settling in the country, then 700 to 1100AD Norwegian, Danish and Swedish immigrants, arrived as a group called the Vikings.   When King Edward died in 1066, William arrived from Normandy, killing his half-brother Harold (Battle of Hastings), and became King, also, William the Conqueror (Ouedraogo, 2009).   During the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries, as England and other countries were expanding their colonies and building on world trade routes, Australia was re-discovered and settled by Arthur Phillip in 1788.   Australias gold rush in the 1850s saw Chinese immigrants arrive in Australia.   As the gold started to run racial tensions grew among the miners.   The bombing of Darwin, Australia, by the Japanese in 1942, was the precursor for Australian politicians to increase the population by opening the doors to immigration; Populate or Perish (Time, 1952). Current Events Europe, Dubai (UAE), and Australia There are migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, currently living in camps in Calais, France, awaiting an opportunity to enter the UK (Lescure, 2009).   Reasons for their current position include the living and working opportunities in their home countries and what they can achieve in the UK.   Immigration minister, Phil Woolas, is quoted as saying that the Calais people must be illegal immigrants otherwise they would have claimed asylum in France or the first EU country they come to (Travis, 2009).   Cross-border immigration is not just a French problem, but a European and international one.   Cause for migration, as identified by the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) include fleeing violence, persecution, economic and family reasons (Lescure, 2009).   In addition, Zimmermann (1994, p. 321) identifies an EU treaty stating that four freedoms be observed; the free movement of people, capital, goods and services. Economic boom conditions not only require financial capital but also human capital.  Ã‚   Cheap workers from India and Pakistan have been allowed in to the United Arab Emirates (in particular Dubai under strict conditions) to work as building labourers to help meet this regions growth.   Workers seek better pay then are possible at home and are willing to travel to seek employment.   Despite the human factors (living conditions, wages and separation from family) associated for such migration, remittances back to the workers home country can be very valuable with Indians return US$27 billion (updated remittances table see World Bank 2008 Appendix 1). Current immigration policy in Australia is to use international students as a means of increasing the population.   With an estimated 70,000 Indian students, the economic benefit to the host community is valued at AUD$14.35 billion.   This makes International students the third largest industry in Australia (Bryant, 2009).   Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd, confirmed the importance of international students, in particular the Indian student, by saying that our Indian community has been such a vital contributor to our culture, to our life, to our food, to our music (Bryant, 2009).   Reasons behind the increasing student numbers include high quality education, affordability, internationally recognised degrees, higher job opportunities, and scenery (Maps of India.com, 2009). Push Pull Effects on Migration One of the recognised pioneers in migration theory is that of Ernest George Ravenstein in his paper titled Laws of Migration (Corbett, 2009).   Although immigration appeared to go on without any definite law (Op. Cit., p.1) Ravenstein attempted to explain and predict movement between and within nations.   The issue of migration had become more important during the nineteenth century as industrialisation was growing (Ravensteins Laws Appendix 2). From Ravensteins theory, the push pull concept was developed.   Adverse conditions in their home or source country push people out, and favourable conditions in the host country pull people in (Jrank, n.d.).   Factors that stimulate these conditions include political (skill requirement of nation, asylum seeking), economic (employment, living standards), and cultural (education, acceptance). A more economic approach to immigration push-pull theory has been illustrated by Klaus Zimmermann (1994).   He defines internal factors affecting aggregate demand that cause migration to be pull migration (Op. Cit., p. 314).   Furthermore, internal and external factors that affect the aggregate supply are considered push migration (Op. Cit., p. 315).   Where substitutability exists between foreign and domestic labour, there will be less pressure on wage inflation.   Zimmermann describes migrants as complements to native workers leading to higher native productivity and that immigrants provide a positive multiplier effect within the economy (Op. Cit., p. 327). Research by Vogler and Rotte (2000) consider the large income differentials between loess developed nations to industrialised nations, and why there has not been more migration.   Despite the socio-economic factors driving push migration, there is overwhelming migration impeding factors (Op. Cit., p. 487) that counteracts the demand pull factors.   Vogel Rotte conclude that there is an inverse u-shaped relationship between development [of lower developed countries] and migration (Op. Cit., p. 507). Impact of immigration Demand for workers for low-skilled jobs has been met partly through migration (OECD, 2008a).   This area of migration draws into consideration the effects on brain drain, remittances, as discussed above, and treatment of lesser skilled workers in the host country.   A migrant who returns to their home country will also take home acquired knowledge.   This leaves the host country seeking to replace this knowledge.   If these jobs are not filled by natives, further opportunity exists for migrants.   Remittances greatly improve the welfare of associates in the home country.   This spread of benefits allows greater transfer among more people than if immigration had not occurred (OECD 2008a, and Appendix 3). In addition to the points based system (UK Border Agency, 2009), Migration Advisory Board (MAC) and the Migration Impacts Forum (MIF),   are two UK Government departments that have been created to address the issue of satisfying skill level requirements and migration policies are the.   MAC identifies labour market shortage areas where immigration might ease skill gaps.   MIF assesses the wider, more qualitative, social implications of immigration (Byrne, 2007) (Appendix 3).   The impact on immigration during this economic crisis is likely to reverse the recent increase in labour migration.   Previous years of growth and prosperity saw labour migration address labour shortages from the aging population issues and skill shortages.   In the near future, unemployment rates are expected to reach double-digit levels and the argument is that government policy needs to be able to respond efficiently to labour market needs.   Migration is not a tap that be turned on and off at will (OECD, 2009).  Ã‚   Governments are being asked to keep their ports of entry open and not use this issue for electoral ends (ONeil, 2009). Conclusion Immigration fluctuations are related to political, economic and cultural factors that create a pull or push effect.   With greater understanding of a nations own capabilities, migration patterns should be more predictable and more correlated to their own economies and regard immigrants as an important factor of production (OECD 2008b).   Globalisation affects everyone, and correct government policies will provide solutions to not only todays conditions, but also tomorrows (OECD 2008b).   Migration is not a tap to be turned on and off at will. The creation of MAC and MIF will go a long way to promote a freer and fairer movement of people throughout the world. Word Count: 1178 References Bryant, N. (2009), Australia foreign student abuse proves expensive, BBC news online, accessed 1 November 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8242739.stm; Byrne, L., (2007), How the Migration Impacts Forum fits with Wider decision-making on immigration, UK Border Agency, accessed online 11 December 2009,   http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/managingourborders/mif/papersandagendas/21june2007/decisionmaking.pdf?view=Binary; Corbett, J. (2001), Earnest George Ravenstein: The Laws of Migration, 1885, CSISS, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/90; Granite5, Creative websites and emarketing solutions, 2009, logo for company used on cover page, accessed online 8 December 2009 http://www.granite5.com/index.php?pageid=2; JRank n.d., Migration Theories of Migration, Marriage and Family Encyclopaedia, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://family.jrank.org/pages/1170/Migration-Theories-Migration.html; Lescure, M (2009), UNHCR returns to Calais to provide migrants, refugees with information, accessed online from the UNHCR on 1 November 2009, http://www.unhcr.org/4a3914c86.html; Maps of India.com (2009), Higher Education in Australia for Indian Students, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://business.mapsofindia.com/trade-relations/india-australia/higher-education-in-australia-for-indian-students.html; OECD (2008a), Temporary Labour Migration: An Illusory Promise?, International Migration Outlook 2008, editorial, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://oecd.org/document/3/0,3343,en_2649_33931_41241219_1_1_1_37415,00.htm; OECD (2008b), Tailor Immigration policies to future needs, says OECD, accessed online 30 October 2009, http://www.oecd.org/document/61/0,3343,en_2649_37415_41288829_1_1_1_1,00.html; OECD (2009), Addressing the Present, Preparing the Future, International Migration Outlook 2009, editorial, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://oecd.org/document/3/0,3343,en_2649_33931_43009971_1_1_1_37415,00.htm#STATISTICS; ONeil, P. (2009), Dont let economic crisis disrupt immigration: OECD, TIREC (Toronto Region Immigration employment Council), accessed online 30 October 2009, http://www.triec.ca/news/story/226; Ouedraogo, D. (2009), Immigration to UK A Brief History of Migrants: Migrants to Britain of Romans, Irish, Italians, Jews to EU visitors, suite101 online article 13 October 2009, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://ukirishhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/immigration_to_uk_a_brief_history_of_migrants; Simon, J Sala-i-Martin, X. (1995), Comment on European Migration: Push And Pull by Zimmermann, World Bank conference 1995, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027piPK=64187937theSitePK=523679menuPK=64187510searchMenuPK=64187283theSitePK=523679entityID=000009265_3970716143912searchMenuPK=64187283theSitePK=523679; Time Magazine, (1952), Australia: Populate or Perish, accessed online 11 December 2009, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,857312,00.html; Travis, A. (2009), The Calais camps will not go away, The Guardian.co.uk, online article Tuesday 22 September 2009, accessed online 30 October 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/22/calais-camps-willnot-go-away; UK Border Agency, How the points-base system works, Home Office UK Government, accessed 1 November 2009, http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/managingborders/managingmigration/apointsbasedsystem/howitworks; Vogler, M., Rotte, R., (2000), The effects of development on migration: Theoretical issues and new empirical evidence, Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 13 (Sep., 2000), pp. 485-508, accessed online 10 December 2009, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20007729; World Bank 2008, Migration and Remittances Factbook, Development Prospect Group World Bank, accessed online, http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDECPROSPECTS/0,,contentMDK:21352016~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:476883~isCURL:Y,00.html; Zimmermann, K.F. republished by World Bank (1995), European Migration: Push and Pull, accessed online 1 November 2009, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1995/03/01/000009265_3970716143908/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf; Appendix 1 Top Remittance-Receiving Countries Top Remittance-Receiving Countries, 2006 Rank Total remittances (US$ billions) Total remittances (as % of GDP) 1 India* 27 Tajikistan* 36 2 China* 25.7 Moldova* 36 3 Mexico* 25 Tonga* 32 4 Philippines* 17 Kyrgyz Republic* 27 5 France* 12.5 Honduras* 26 6 Spain* 8.9 Lesotho* 24 7 Belgium* 7.2 Guyana* 24 8 Germany* 7 Lebanon* 23 9 U.K.* 7 Haiti* 22 10 Romania* 6.8 Jordan* 20 11 Bangladesh 6.4 Jamaica 18 12 Pakistan 6.1 Armenia 18 13 Indonesia 6 El Salvador 18 14 Egypt 5.9 Nepal 18 15 Morocco 5.7 Bosnia Herzegovina 17 16 Lebanon 5.5 Albania 15 17 Poland 5 West Bank Gaza 14 18 Vietnam 5 Serbia d Montenegro 13 19 Serbia Montenegro 4.9 Philippines 13 20 Colombia 4.6 Gambia, The 12 21 Brazil 4.5 Nicaragua 12 22 Guatemala 4.1 Cape Verde 10 23 Russia 4 Guatemala 10 24 Portugal 3.8 Dominican Republic 10 25 El Salvador 3.6 Kiribati 10 26 Austria 3.5 Morocco 10 27 Nigeria 3.3 Guinea-Bissau 9 28 Dominican Republic 3.2 Bangladesh 9 29 Ecuador 3.2 Uganda 9 30 Australia 3.1 Sri Lank 9 Source: World Bank Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008 (March 2008) Appendix 2 Ernest George Ravensteins laws on migration Most migrants only proceed a short distance, and toward centres of absorption; As migrants move toward absorption centres, they leave, gaps that are filled up by migrants from more remote districts, creating migration flows that reach to the most remote corner of the Kingdom.; The process of dispersion is inverse to that of absorption; Each main current of migration produces a compensating counter-current; Migrants proceeding long distances generally go by preference to one of the great centres of commerce or industry; The natives of towns are less migratory than those of the rural arts of the country; and Females are more migratory than males. Source: John Corbett, 2009, for CSISS (Centre for Spatially Integrated Social Science), online article. Appendix 3 Migrants Economic Contribution and Public Perception Strong Economics: Migration has always been a source of labour and skills in the UK, and brings substantial benefits. HMT; Immigrants also tend to be younger, better educated and work longer hours than those born in the United Kingdom. Bank of England; If it was not for immigrant labour, especially in leisure, in tourism, in agriculture, in construction, then frankly many of our businesses would not have the workers we need. Digby Jones; and Labour-market restrictions are imposing a much larger burden on the global economy than are trade restrictions. World Bank, GEP 2006 Reasons for low public confidence: Perceptions (rightly or wrongly) of pressure on jobs and services; Lack of clarity about legal and illegal migration; Hostility towards refugees and asylum seekers; and A view that there are too many immigrants. Source: UK Border Agency

Positive side of stubbornness in children

Positive side of stubbornness in children Specific purpose: to inform my audience about the positive side of stubbornness in children, the causes of stubbornness, and how to deal with stubborn children. Central idea: stubbornness in children is a repeatedly every day issue and people should take an action and try to understand it very well in order to resolve the problem. Introduction: As we are all university students, few more years from today, some of us will probably be married and have a kid or two. Did it ever occur to you: how are you going to raise your children? Or how are you going to be able to handle and deal with your stubborn child? Imagine with me few more years from now; you are at your friends house having a good time, while both your children are playing together. You realized its time for you to go back home. You tell your child its time to go, but he/she refuses to leave and begs you to stay a little longer. So you give your child five extra minutes, and when its time, you face the same problem of refusing again. At some point or another, each parent reaches to a battle with their own children, yet not many parents knows how to deal with their childrens stubbornness and how to handle such situations right. All parents want their children to be well behaved and know whats right from wrong, but this goal is not always easy to accomplish, especially when the child is stubborn. I myself have been in so many similar situations with my nephews and nieces, where I didnt really know how to react. I read some books and did further research to know more about the topic of stubbornness in children. The word Stubborn as defined in Cambridge Dictionary: describes someone who is determined to do what they want and refuses to do anything else. Today I would like to inform you about the positive side of stubbornness in children, the causes of this matter, and the ways to deal with the problem. (Transition: Lets start with looking at the issue from a positive perspective.) Body: Stubbornness in children might not always be a bad sign of behavior; instead it could be helpful somehow. Lets take a look at the bright side of stubbornness in children. A childs stubbornness could possibly be his/her way of representing that they can think for themselves and that they can emphasize on their own opinions and believes. Stubbornness makes children feel that they have a certain level of control over some situations, which psychologically will boost up their self esteem. It is a way for them to learn how to express their own thoughts, have choices, and have power over certain things. When a child recognizes that he/she might have an option and they act on it; that shows a great deal of development and intelligence. For instance: instead of giving commands to your child which can be replied with a no answer, you can give him/her the freedom of two choices that you choose. So instead of Dont jump on the bed, a parent can try saying You can either sit on the bed or jump on the floor, which one would you like? Giving your children a little bit of control over their environment and the choices that they can make, is very empowering for them and very helpful to the parents as well. (Transition: Now that you know that stubbornness isnt necessarily negative, lets look at the causes of stubbornness in children.) There are number of reasons that cause stubbornness in children, some are: Marital Disputes: Families that are dominated by tensions, have a highly strong emotion, and have a poor marital relationship lead children to tension and disturbance; which will cause the children anger and stubbornness. In some cases marital disputes might generate cases of mental disorders. Rocking in the attitudes of parents: parental authority in evaluating their childrens behavior should be fixed and non contradictory between one time and another. Parents shouldnt be tough at a certain case some time and then be lenient with the same exact case some other time or vice versa. Moreover, parents should have an agreement and put up clear laws and regulations for their children to follow; those rules should be clear and concise. For example, when a child asks his father something and the father refuses, the child probably will go and ask or beg his mother so that she can say yes to that particular thing the child asked for, which will generate some level of stubbornness in the child by time when each parent has a different word. Jealousy between siblings: another cause of stubbornness in children might be because they are jealous of their siblings. A lot of children feel jealous of their brothers and sisters, especially when the parents get a new born baby. The child may start to feel that he/she has lost the love of their parents and they might also feel that the newborn baby took away all the attention and care. Last but not least, an obedient child might suddenly become stubborn. And that can be only a grabbing attention behavior, and the minute parents make time for their child, the stubbornness behavior is not repeated. (Transition: Given the causes of stubbornness in children, Im sure you would probably be wondering what the ways to deal with this issue are.) There are many ways to handle stubbornness in children: Rule number one is to always stay calm but firm whenever your child is being stubborn. Dont try to solve the problem by shouting. The key is to remain calm, and never allow your child to cause your temper to boil over. You should be the authoritative voice in the situation. As Mrs. Joanna Al Khayat, who holds a bachelor of arts in social science majoring in child psychology from Boston University, suggests; setting up a daily routine life into your childrens lives might be helpful for they get to be able to distinguish what is expected from them. For instance: setting up meal times, bath time, and bed time. Mrs. Al Khayat also adds that allowing some space to your children will enhance their ability of making their own decisions or forming an opinion and deciding for themselves, its also an important aspect of the childs character development. For instance: giving your child the freedom of choosing which cartoon he/she prefers to watch wont cause any harm and will satisfy their needs. However, when your child persist on doing something harmful, like playing with a knife for example, your child must understand that you, as a parent, should have the final word in decision making. Another way of overcoming stubbornness in children is that parents must probably set some boundaries and guidelines and establish consequences for crossing them. Make sure that the punishments are age appropriate. And after that, parents should speak to their children and explain to them what will and will not be tolerated. Praise your child and give him/her some kinds of rewards when they cooperate and behave well. Reduce unnecessary rules: the more regulations you have, the less your child will obey and follow your guides. As a parent you should help your child feel less controlled by having more optimistic communication with him/her than pessimistic ones each day. Conclusion: In conclusion: As we have seen stubbornness is a very normal common behavior in children. Parents shouldnt just look at this behavior in a bad perspective; instead it could have a positive effect on their children. Understanding the reasons behind stubbornness in children will prepare the parents to be patient to overcome this issue. With proper knowledge and understanding, parents learn how to react to their childrens behavior. There are some certain methods that help a lot in dealing with stubborn children.

Imagery and Exceptionalism in New England :: American History Essays

Imagery and Exceptionalism in New England Jonas Clarke, the minister of the Congregational church in Lexington, Massachusetts, entertained guests at his home the evening of April 18, 1775. The two guests that Clarke hosted were seeking a safe haven from British authorities. His guests, Samuel Adams and John Hancock, discussed strategy with Clarke concerning the conflict with Britain as they attempted to keep their location secret from the British. Supposedly, Great Britain planned to capture these two radicals in hopes of terminating the colonial resistance. A messenger on horseback interrupted their meeting, writes Clarke. â€Å"Then came an express in writing stating that eight or nine officers of the king’s troops were seen just before night passing the road toward Lexington, in a musing, contemplative posture, and it was suspected they were out on some evil design.† Adams and Hancock took heed of this advanced warning and escaped Lexington before the redcoats appeared in the town. Clarke knew they woul d be arriving soon, and headed to the village green to help assemble the townspeople for the expected confrontation. As the clock struck 2:00 A.M., the minister helped order the villagers into position. Many on the green were members of his church, and he knew that they were prepared to fight if violence broke out. For weeks, Clarke had groomed his congregation with images of the hardships of their forefathers, and their hopes of a land of freedom, and he was certain that the residents of Lexington would hold fast against the British forces if necessary. After the exchange between the colonists and the redcoats the morning of the nineteenth, seven lay dead on the town square, some of whom were his parishioners. However, Clarke remained positive that this fight was an important one, and that his congregation would continue to support resistance to the British tyranny that now was endemic within the colonies. Jonas Clarke used his sermon as a method of persuasion to garner support for the resistance movement against Great Britain. During his orations, he hoped to invoke a feeling of duty within his congregation. Clarke intended that the sense of duty, in turn, would provoke his listeners to defend America’s rebellion. He used vivid images of the ancient Israelites and the colonists’ ancestors to depict the struggles they encountered in the past. By doing so, Clarke hoped to show his worshippers the exceptionalism of America.

Buddha Essay -- essays research papers fc

Buddha The word Buddha means "enlightened one." It is used today as a title to the one who has given us more religious beliefs than almost any other human who lived in this world. However, he was not given this name at birth; he had to earn it for himself by undergoing long, hard hours of meditation and contemplation. Buddha has changed the lifestyles of many cultures with new, never-before asked questions that were explained by his search for salvation. He began an entirely new religion that dared to test the boundaries of reality and go beyond common knowledge to find the answers of the mysteries of life. India During the sixth century BC, India was a land of political and religious turmoil. It was an era of great brutality with the domination of Northwest India by Indo-Aryan invaders. Many people, influenced by the Aryan civilization, began to question the value of life and it's true meaning. Schools were opened because of this curiosity where teachers would discuss the significance of existence and the nature of man and held programs to reconstruct one's spiritual self. (Pardue, page 228) Background Near the town of Kapilavastivu, today known as Nepal, lived King Suddhodhana and Queen Maya of the indigenous tribe known as the Shakyas. (Encyclopedia Americana, page 687) Queen Maya soon became pregnant and had a dream shortly before she gave birth. In this dream a beautiful, white elephant with six tusks entered her room and touched her side. This dream was soon interpreted by the wisest Brahmin, or Priest of Brahmanism, that she was to give birth to a son that would, if he were to remain in the castle, become the wisest king in the world, but if he were ever to leave the castle he would then become the wisest prophet far into future generations. (Encyclopedia Americana, page 410) In around the year 563 BC, Siddhartha Gautama was born into a life of pure luxury. (Wangu, page 16) His father wanted to make sure that his son was well taken care of as he grew to prevent him from desiring to leave the palace. Suddhodhana, listening to the prophecy, kept Siddhartha away from the pain of reality so that he could follow in his father's footsteps in becoming a well respected leader. As Siddhartha grew, ... ... his teachings will be remembered for generations. He has sacrificed his total salvation so that mankind could be taught of the path to enlightenment. The Buddha has proven to be one of the wisest and giving men who touched the lives of so many millions of people. Buddhism will live on as a major impact on the cultures of the world and the Buddha will never be forgotten. "Everything that has been created is subject to decay and death. Everything is transitory. Work out your own salvation with diligence." -Buddha (Wangu, page 31) Bibliography "Buddha and Buddhism." Encyclopedia Americana. 1990. Cohen, John Lebold. Buddha. Mary Frank, 1969. Pardue, Peter A. "Buddha." Encyclopedia of World Biography. McGraw Hill, 1973. "The Buddha and Buddhism." The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 1990. Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Buddhism. New York: Facts On File, 1993.

Perceptions of California

California is a well-known and acknowledged state of the US and had a long history that affected many people ranging from the European explorations where they came in contact with Native Americans. The American domestic policies that had a profound effect on their future existence on Earth to the Japanese internment camps where hundreds of thousand Japanese Americans lost their homes. There are other events that affected people's perception:The Mexican- American War for the conquest of California, the California Gold Rush, history of slavery in California, and many more.It is not just the history that affected people's perception, but what is portrayed in the media and entertainment industry. TV shows like Beverly Hills: 90210, The O. C. , etc. Different people have different perceptions about California, even Californians have varied opinions due to the incidences that happened in the state. It has changed how they see themselves in the state, how they think the state sees them, and also how their life in California affected their identity. In the essay â€Å"Invisible Men† by William Langewiesche, he talks about life as an illegal immigrant.The illegal immigrats didn't have the opportunity to come legally or for the luxuries, they came to the US to make a better life and to help their family back home. Some immigrants might think once they get across, they get to live like they deserve. But when they actually do cross, it's not what they expected. They cross the border finding out California is a hell hole and is insanely hard to become successful. They find out that they're not wanted by the natives living in the state, they have to live as vermin cowering in the dirt, hiding from the predators known as the border patrol.They have to scavenge for jobs to make ends meet. â€Å"Living in twilight lives camped out beneath freeway underpasses and deep inside barely accessible canyons, a few thousand undocumented laborers hide out from the U. S. Border Pa trol by night while seeking-minimum-wage work by day. † (130). The American people see the illegal immigrants as parasites leeching from Americans, taking jobs from the American people for less pay because they are desperate to find better employment opportunities.They would get low-paying jobs (usually two dollars an hour), and that's still better then what they would receive in their homeland. What American would be willing to work for two dollars an hour as a janitor or maid? Not many. In the essay farmers would hire illegal immigrants just because they would work for less and are essential for their survival. â€Å"Most of the remaining farms in San Diego County are just such family operations, unable to survive without illegal workers. † (137). â€Å"The small farmers are not necessarily bad people, but they lack the economies of scale.Rather than comply with burdensome regulations pertaining to the living conditions of farm workers (whether illegal immigrants or not), they have simply dropped out of the system† (137). The main goal of the illegal immigrants in California is to survive. They don't look like they have any goals of living in a huge house with luxuries. Their main priority is trying to support their family in Mexico, avoid the border patrol, and having enough money to survive. â€Å"They were paid by check every 2 weeks, and if they did earned about nine thousand dollars a year, of which they might mail six thousand dollars to their families in Mexico. (138). In the essay â€Å"The World of Our Grandmothers† by Connie Young Yu, she talked about what life was like as a Chinese immigrant. No doubt, both minority groups had it rough in America and even though they were both treated as inferior beings, they would still rather live in America than their home country. They both found living in California as a constant struggle for survival. Unlike immigrants from Mexico, Chinese immigrants were allowed to go to the U. S . But they had to go through physical examinations and interrogations to determine their right to live in the U.S. Also before Chinese immigrants were accepted by the U. S. In the 1800s. The population was growing so much and the immigrants who kept coming in are unskilled workers that work for less. It made the American's attitudes become negative and hostile against the Chinese. In the essay she would talk about her grandpa trying to escape from a group of whites who tried to stone him, he ran so fast that he lost his hat. Life was more difficult as a Chinese immigrant because they would get murdered or assaulted by whites. Such unprovoked assaults upon unoffending Chinamen are not a rare occurrence†¦ † (P101). Females would be sold into slavery by their desperate parents. â€Å"Females are a little better than slaves, they are looked upon as merchantable property , and are bought and sold like any other article or property. † (P. 101). Some would rather stay in China and be killed during infancy than be born in the U. S. Later they made acts like the Chinese Exclusion Act where they cut down the ratio of Chinese men and women, which made the population drop dramatically.Mexican immigrants who got their citizenship got to stay in the U. S. but for Chinese immigrants they would lose their U. S. Citizenship because of the exclusion acts. Some acts would make any U. S. born woman who married to a man â€Å"ineligible for citizenship†. They would have to give up their birthright and be deported back to China. Both Mexican and Chinese immigrants had it difficult because of the time they came to the U. S. and how they got there. For the Chinese they came in the 1800s where slavery was still allowed and people were closed minded back then.Some Mexican immigrants got into the America by crossing the border illegally, So they had to now avoid the border patrol and try to get a decent job with their status. They made it hard on themselves. How ever, the Japanese started immigrating to America during the mid 1900s where they they had easier than they Mexicans and the Chinese, because slavery was abolished by then and many other things that were factored in. But they had a cruel twist of fate, where their home country attack Pearl Harbor during World War II.It caused paranoia all over America and resulted in the containment of all Japanese Americans. In Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston essay, â€Å"Manzanar, U. S. A. † It talks about life as a Japanese American during World War II. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were rounded up and sent to detention camps. Life in the camps wasn't hard at all, they had swimming pools, schools, boy scouts, churches, etc. They did not try to rebel against the camps they just went with the flow.They went by the phrase â€Å"Shikata ga nai† which meant â€Å"It cannot be helped, It must be done† They had the mentality of going with the fl ow. Life wasn't difficult in the camps, everybody worked together and made it a perfect little community. By comparison, life was easier for the Japanese then the Chinese and the Mexican Immigrants because even though the Japanese Americans lost their homes, they were given reparations of $20,000 and an apology. They did not have to hid from the border patrol or get deported back to their country.There are many events that happened in California. People perceptions of California solely depends on what they experienced in the state. It shapes how they think and how they are. Mexican and Chinese Immigrants see California as a hellhole, where you are basically the scum of the earth. Survival was the main goal they were trying to achieve. However the Japanese lived easy lives until the bombing of Pearl Harbor. But even though they were rounded up and sent to camps, they still went with the flow. They knew it had to be done.

Comparing and Contrasting Between Certified Nurse-Midwife and Certified Midwife Essay

examine and Contrasting in the midst of assured concord- midwife and Certified midwife Every profession has its protest beauty. Nursing is a original sedulousness with responsibility for important tasks in medical systems. For a long time, professional encourages, in particular midwife nurses, were considered low-status they usu all toldy did the extra regulate as assistants in the army. They helped with cleaning, cooking, laundry, etc . A 2012 research by Marjie Bloy found that Florence Nightingale is presented as a public health nurse to promote the modern industry.Because she was the child of a wealthy family, Nightingales p arnts were strike and disappointed when she decided to become a nurse. Then she demanded medical care improvements for the unretentive and the industry gradually took important move to help nurses in health professional ranks. There are several misunderstandings between what a Certified suckle-Midwife and Certified Midwife are. This essay leav e alone analyze this sloppiness by comparing and contrasting between Certified Nurse Midwives and Certified Midwives. archetypal of all, to understand clearly what Certified Nurse Midwife and Certified Midwife are, we leave alone look at their definitions. According to Hartley Heather, a Certified Nurse Midwife is an psyche trained and certify in two(prenominal) nursing and tocology, whereas a Certified Midwife is an individual trained and certified in midwifery only. Secondly, what study path should students succeed if they would like to become Midwife? The urgency for admission to the midwifery Education weapons platform for CNM is quite different to CM.In her denomination Different direction, opportunities, Susan Trossman describes the difference, the supplicatement for Admission to Midwifery Education Program between CM and CNM a CM needs a Bachelors form from an legitimate college or university and successful completion of precise science courses, while in CNM, in that respect are 2 cases. If the applier has a bachelors degree, but non an RN license, both(prenominal) political programs depart require attainment of an RN license earlier to entry into the midwife program others will allow the student to attain an RN license prior to graduate study.However, if the applicant is an RN but doesnt become a bachelors degree, some programs provide a bridge program to a bachelors degree prior to the midwifery portion of the program. some other programs require a bachelors degree before entry into the midwifery program. In addition, after studying for 5 years, the degree the students are granted are quite different the CM will chip in a Masters degree whereas, the CNM will have a Masters or doctoral degree.Finally, after getting Licensed, Jolivet Rima maintained in her article Nurse-Midwives committed to women doneout the biography that although CNMs are licensed in all 50 states plus the District of capital of South Carolina and US terri tories, CMs are only licensed in New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island. A 2002 journal by Lois McClosky said CNMs would extend in display panels of Nursing, Boards of Midwifery/Nurse-Midwifery, Board of Midwifery, Board of Medicine, and Department of Health. Unlike CNMs, however, CMs would work in Board of Midwifery, Board of Medicine, and Department of Health.On the other hand, in her journal, Lisa L Paine describes what CNMs and CMs have in common. First of all, they both part the clinical Experience Skills Requirement which includes the worry of primary care for women throughout the lifespan, including fruitful health care, pregnancy, and birth care of the practice newborn and management of sexually contractable infections in male partners. Secondly, CNMs, like CMs, Saraswathi Vedam wrote that both are independent management of womens health care through the lifespan, from adolescence through menopause.Finally, a 2006 article story by Michelle Nolin Flewell discusses the similarities of work places, CNMs and CMs both work in hospitals, birth centers, homes, and offices. The majority of CNMs and CMs attend to births in hospitals. In conclusion, the differences between Certified Nurse Midwives and Certified Midwives are definitions, study paths and licensures. However, they carry on some similarities such as Clinical Experience Requirement, Range of Care Provided, and make Settings.

Discuss what air cargo carriers are doing to assist in the quest to find alternate fuel sources?

1) Discuss what oxygenise load carriers argon doing to assist in the quest to take in alternate force out sources? The usual class period of crease cargo carriers was to pass the high gear cost of aviation provoke to riders via surcharges. Nevertheless, this pains is currently facing huge des penny in amountitions due to the nightlong doubling of fuel prices. According to the planetary melodic phrase channel Association (IATA) profit forecast, glorylines and logical argument cargo carriers can beat a loss of as some(prenominal) as $5 billion at the prevailing fuel prices (Logistics transmission line Review, 2009).To cover the challenges posed by the rising fuel cost, glory cargo carriers ar exploring the option of finding alternate(a) fuel sources. Towards this end, they ar liaising with organizations like the Air Transport Association(ATA) and technical Aviation Alternative Fuel enterprise (CAAFI) who, according to ATA, are currently coordinate work on t he research and festering of alternative jet fuels, including technical specifications, environmental aspects, production and distri moreoverion(ATA, 2009 para. ). By liaising with these organizations, oxygenate cargo carriers are actively take part in meeting the objective of ensuring unbroken make out of affordable aviation fuel.This is because these organizations are involved in educating latent fuel suppliers on the aviation fuel supply process including airline operations as sanitary as distri plainlyion and logistics considerations to merely ensure the reliable delivery of alternative jet fuel(Air Transport Association, 2009 para. 0), as well as in working with potential suppliers to identify commercial terms and strategies that individualist suppliers and purchasers might adopt to accelerate deployment (Air Transport Association, 2009 para 12). Another strategy adoptive by air cargo carriers in their search for alternative fuel sources imply is to add to a greater extent fleets of fuel efficacious planes in their stock of commercial jets (Logistics Business Review, 2009).The point to note here is that it is pass judgment that these strategies explained here will enable air cargo carriers to improve their deteriorating financial position, and to receive more efficient, more competitive and more profitable. It is assumed that a healthy air cargo patience not notwithstanding facilitates domestic help and international trade and will equally provide the in stockible jobs to the populace. 2) Post a current air cargo obligate in the publicise Board Discussion forum and add your comments. Current Air Cargo ArticleIATA Air cargo overleap may throw away found its floor Source Retrieved blemish 29, 2009 from http//www. btimes. com. my/Current_News/BTIMES/articles/airo26f/Article/index_html GENEVA International air cargo job condemnable 22. 1 per centime in February compared with the same month a division ago, but the wane in incum brance may throw away found its floor, the airline industry trunk IATA utter yesterday. Freight subscribe to is considered a key barometer for the health of globose trade, which has attenuate considerably in response to the worlds frugal downturn and book of facts crisis.The February step-down was the one-third consecutive month with cross-border cargo volumes utmost to a lower place the previous year levels, next a 23. 2 per cent year-on-year drop in January and a 22. 6 per cent decline in December. We may overhear found a bottom to the freight decline, but the magnitude of the drop operator that it will take time to recover, IATA director-general Giovanni Bisignani said in a statement. Freight necessary in Asia, the region most impact by the decline in shipments, drip 24. 7 per cent year-on-year in February, the Geneva-based grouping said.Japanese exports have almost halved from February 2008, it said. Air rider dealing also declined last month, but less sharpl y than cross-border cargo. Overall rider volumes venomous 10. 1 per cent below February 2008 levels, following a 5. 6 per cent year-on-year fall in January, IATA said. Asia-Pacific carriers saw a 12. 8 per cent drop, North American airlines carried 12 per cent fewer riders and Europes save traffic down 10. 1 per cent, matching the global average.Latin American passenger traffic was close to stronger, with only a 3. per cent drop, and in the Middle East it was up 0. 4 per cent. IATA, which represents 230 airlines including British Airways, Cathay Pacific, linked Airlines and Emirates, said earlier this week that airlines would abide US$4. 7 billion (US$1 = RM3. 63) this year as a return of the economic downturn that has kept mass and cargo from flying. Its traffic data excludes domestic flights. Reuters Comments This article discussed the current issues facing the air cargo service industry the decline in business and revenue as a result of decrease in customer patronage.Ac cording to this article, IATA reported that, compared to the figures obtained for the month of February the previous year, the international cargo traffic fell by as much as 22. 1 per cent this current year (IATA, 2009). The article went forrard to identify iv markets that were hard hit by this fall in cargo traffic and revenue. These markets include the Asiatic market, North American market, European market, and Latin American markets. In addressing the Asian market, the article noted that Freight demand in Asia, the region most bear on by the decline in shipments, fell 24. per cent year-on-year in February Air passenger traffic also declined last month, but less sharply than cross-border cargo. (IATA, 2009 para. 5). For the other markets, the article reported that Asia-Pacific carriers saw a 12. 8 per cent drop, North American airlines carried 12 per cent fewer passengers and Europes recorded traffic down 10. 1 per cent, matching the global average.Latin American passenger tra ffic was slightly stronger, with only a 3. 8 per cent drop, and in the Middle East it was up 0. per cent (IATA, 2009 para . 8). The article went ahead to explain that the current challenges facing the industry was precipitated by the global economic and credit crises which had tended to discourage people from patronizing twain the air cargo service companies and passenger airlines. This article is thus an eye uprooter because it exposed the financial troubles of the air cargo service industry and industry that is considered by the less-informed to be immune to economic recession.

Body soul destinction Essay

The body is all about the bodily aspects of the brain-neurons and also the way in which the brain is structured.Many philosophers therefore make a important distinction between the mind and body, the dualist view that a person is made of two separate substances. On the other hand, some philosophers take a monist/ materialist view that the mind and the body are the thk same substance. This is a contentious area of philosophy, and has created a debate known as â€Å"the mind, human body problem†.Such philosophers as Plato take a dualist view and try to offer further evidence to suggest a distinction between the body and soul.It is located in space and time.Plato used evidence such as the â€Å"world of the forms†. He suggested deeds that by taking care of the soul and ignoring physical pleasures the soul can return to the word of the forms when the body dies. The evidence of Plato’s theory can be seen everyday.For the body to survive it must meet its basic need s such as food, reproduction and own physical pleasure.

He thought that soul and the body were two unique materials.’ According to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body. Aquinas believed the only things that are divisible into parts decay. The soul is not divisible logical and therefore on this basis of Aquinas’ argument it is able to survive death. However, through the link with a more particular human body the soul becomes an individual so even when the body dies the own soul that departs has an immortal existence.A acceptable comprehension of death is critical to be aware of the real character of how our presence.This supports the dualist view as firstly, it proves that the soul is immortal and lives on after death, and secondly that the soul is separate from the body as the man who claims to be Jesus appears to be unrecognisable implying he has a different physical appearance. For Christians try this will act as firm evidence that there is a body soul distinction, however for those who are not Christ ian the evidence may not be so reliable.Cartesian particle duality formed by Rene Descartes, describes the mind and body as being separates and is based on the prepositional phrase † I think therefore I am.† Descartes explained that feelings and sensations cannot be located physically.

This economic theory is extremely vague however.Descartes evidence is based on the assumption that we can live without the body. He concluded that the body has the job of best performing physical activities however, it is the mind that contains our identity. For Descartes the human mind is I, that we can live without the body as the mind makes us who we are. Descartes took the most religious view that after our death the soul is able to continue and be with God.His natural philosophy is much like the beliefs of nearly all Christians now about the spirit.Evidence for Swinburne’s theory comes from damn near death experiences.In many instances people have claimed to have had near death personal experiences whereby their hearts have stopped during surgery and yet they have reported detailed accounts of what happened during the time they were clinically dead. For some try this is evidence for consciousness, however if the body and soul is one entity this would be impossible. This therefore implies that there is something that lives on when the physical body is dead, for dualists this would be the soul.

Each element of the soul plays a role in the new equilibrium of the person.Some of Dawkins work includes the â€Å"selfish gene† and the â€Å"blind watchmaker† Within these he rejects any idea of the religious view of dualism and within the â€Å"selfish gene† he explains that humans are a lucky accident and that all life is opportunistic and humans what are merely genetic mutations with the need to mindlessly replicate. Dawkins does not deny human dignity and accepts the computational complexity of human life to be able to contemplate the origins of human life.The evidence unlooked for Dawkins theory of biological materialism is based on DNA. Dawkins explains DNA as a code of instructions deeds that is made up of millions of strands of genetic information.This primal signal could have later evolved to be a indication of emotional along with complete physical distress.He stated that humans are one composite being, one substance. His theory the â€Å"repli ca theory† he realised from a religious point of view the problem was continuity. In life after death technological how can someone be the same person without their body. Therefore Hick suggests that there curfew must be some kind of replica.

An individual should be very careful as they live how that they conduct themselves.Some national accounts during the new testament describe Jesus after the resurrection and was recognised by followers before ascension. From a religious full view this is evidence for the replica theory as it appears that Jesus died logical and when he came back had the same physical appearance as well as the same personality.Identity theory puts forward a materialist view of the soul. Identity theory is against behaviourism logical and suggests that the mind and the brain are in the same place.Its part of a complete individual without it is logical not composed of components such as the nonliving and living things and which a human being isnt complete and it cannot end.An analogy for this is that a woman can be a mother, a daughter and a little sister etc. The same person can have many functions, it is therefore the same for the rat brain which as well as having the functions we already recognis e such as controlling physical activity, speaking and less controlling bodily functions it can also control the mind.Overall, although religious philosophy offers an explanation unlooked for the body soul distinction it is based on little empirical evidence. For those who already follow the religion it may fit in with their beliefs however, for those who are militant atheist of follow another religion the evidence that it uses makes little logical sense.