Mythology: Edith Hamilton Archetypes Essay

In the ro humance of Dionysus there isnt exactly a conflict in the midst of two sides of hatful battling for good or evil, its more as a skirmish amongst the two sides of Dionysus inner self. Unlike most examples of good versus evil, there isnt a triumphant side. Just the psycheality switches between Dionysus being the joy-god or the heartless, savage, brutal-god. The rea word of honor for this change is due to the fact that he is the vine god wine-colored is bad as well as good. Hed give up peoples hopes and make them believe that they were capable of anything, only when once they were sober again or they became drunk, you could see his dark side begin to arise. The hopefulness would exceed and and then you could see the people transition into swarthiness.Symbolic pilot water supply versus DesertIn the story of Dionysus, theres a dissociate where he comes across a crew from a pirate transmit in Greece by the sea. The sailors tried to capture him and saw him as a mo rtal, rather than the son of a god. In the suppress, Dionysus turned into a lion and turned hale hardly one of the sailors into dolphins and sent them into the ocean. At this dit in the story it shows the first glimpse at Dionysus ruthless side, virtually as if theyre using this scene in the book at the tolerate of his second side, setting up the second rig on point of Dionysus personality for future conflicts.Character ideal The OutcastIn the story, Dionysus was born in Thebes, he was the son of Zeus and Theban princess Semele- he was the only god whose p arnts were not both(prenominal) immortal. Before Dionysus birth he was snatched from his mother and hidden by Zeus side, almost as if he was ashamed by Dionysus. Dionysus was passed from person to person, his mother, Zeus, Hermes, and then to the nymphs of Nysa to be raised. As he became a man, Dionysus became a wanderer, wandering far to weird and strange places. through with(predicate)out his behavior he was often shunned beca procedure many didnt see him to be as he was- a god. They treated him as a lesser being and in the majority of the myth he is set on proving that he is mighty and punishing those who face him with disbelief.Part Two Stories of know and Adventureelect Myth Cupid and oral sexSituational ideal The T contend somebody was repeatedly put through seemingly impossible tests by genus Venus, such(prenominal) as sorting seeds, fetching golden wool, and going to the underworld to ask Proserpine for a box of her beauty. Venus put her through these unruly tasks in hopes to keep judgement a focus from her son. plainly on the other hand, headland only completed these tasks due to the fact that she thought it would bring her to her hunch over, Cupid. In the end, Cupid and Psyches love prevailed and Psyches ultimate goal of being with her maintain was completed.Symbolic Archetype Light versus DarknessThe battle between light versus darkness keister be seen when Psyche and Cu pid are unneurotic in the cave with each other. Although to Cupid the darkness represented trust and faithfulness in his and Psyches relationship, to Psyche the darkness represented the unkn experience and fear of her husband being a snake in the grass rather than the son of Venus. When Psyche was about to storm Cupid in the cave, she brought the work out of light into their relationship with the use of the candle. To Psyche, this use of light confirmed her love in the relationship, simply also brought along the recognition that she had upset Cupid with her omit of trust in the relationship. So all in all the battle of light versus darkness was really a battle of trust.Character Archetype The Star-Crossed LoversUnlike the play, Romeo and Juliet, Psyche and Cupids love affair didnt end in tragedy, like the beginning of the myth would lead you to believe. In the myth, Venus practiseers began to shrink and more of the attention from her followers were focused upon Psyche because she was more beautiful than Venus. Venus ordered her son Cupid to make Psyche happen upon in love with pretty a great deal a scumbag, but instead Cupid fell in love it Psyche. When they were together Cupid hid himself from Psyche because he knew the repercussions that their love could cause. They were two people destined to not be together with e actually obstacle in their way, but in the end they do it work.Part Three The Great Heroes before the Trojan Warelect Myth PerseusSituational Archetype Supernatural InterventionOn Perseus expedition for medusans head it was very much expected that he would kick the bucket and die, which was Polydectes goal. But in the end he prevailed and completed the legation, due to the fact that he had the luck and support of the Gods on his side. Throughout his voyage he was aided by the support of Hermes and Athena. This can be seen in Perseus use of Athenas shield and Hermes sword that he used to attack Medusa. Also, without the help of Hermes, Perseus wouldnt have been able to find the nymphs of the North, whose gifts (winged sandals, magic wallet, and an unperceivable cap) also aided him in the defeat of Medusa.Symbolic Archetype The whirlIn the beginning of the myth, Perseus grandfather, King Acrisius, was told by a priestess that his daughter would have a son and that her son would kill him. So Acrisius goes out of his way to rid himself of his daughter. He locks her in a castle in hopes that she wint come across other people and become pregnant. at once he finds out that his daughter does have a son, Perseus, he locks them both into a chest and throws them into the sea. And even though King Acrisius goes through all of this to avoid his death, he learns that fate is unavoidable. In the end Perseus still kills him but rather on accident, not like Acrisius had imagined. So no issuance what you do to avoid fate, itll happen.Character Archetype The virtuoso/heroineThroughout Perseus journey for Medusas head he experienced fluctuations in his motives for the head. He didnt set himself onto the path of killing Medusa to be a hero, he did it in hopes of making Polydectes happy and giving his mother a n crosspatch engagement gift. But when he came back to the island after the mission and realized that it was in shambles, he used the gifts he got from the gods and Medusas head to bring happiness to the island. By turning Polydectes and his followers into mark he freed the people and rid them of their tyrant leader. Thus becoming the hero to the islanders.Part Four The Heroes of the Trojan WarChosen Myth The Trojan warSituational Archetype The Unhealable WoundIn the Trojan War the unhelable spite represents both physical and psychological wounds. The first was the chicken feed of all of the rest, the grab of Helen from Menelaus, her father, by Aphrodite and Paris. The dismissal of his daughter brought an unbelievable amount of pain onto the King, capricious him to drastic measures, such as war. Also, this prototype can be seen in the sacrificing of Iphigenia, the eldest daughter of the Commander in Chief, Agamemnon. By having to kill his own beloved daughter it brought grief upon him that would linger throughout the war. When the Greek ships reached the rivers of troy weight there was a man named Protesilaus, he was the first man to jumping ashore, and also the first man to die.His married woman, Laodamia, was so sickened with sadness at the pass of her husband that she killed herself just so she could go to the underworld with him Showing that she matt-up up that she could never be happy without her husband. Another example is when the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon sparked over Agamemnons prize of honor, Chryseis. Agamemnons prize of honor had to be returned and then he ordered his men to steal Briseis, Achilles prize of honor. Achilles became so upset over the turning of his own men that he spent his days in his tent wrapped in sorrow. Throug hout this myth there were countless of other examples of unhelable wounds like the loss of Hector, the relationships between the gods, the loss of Patroclus, and the abuse of Hectors exsanguine body. Symbolic Archetype Haven versus WildernessThis archetype can be seen in the comparison of the war versus taking chancel in the tents. Youd think after Achilles prize of honor interpreted away from him and he stayed back at camp rather than bit in the war that his haven would be the tents and the wilderness would be the war. But it was just the opposite of that. When Achilles was in the tents he was consumed with despair. When he finally got retaliation for Patroclus death, he was himself once again. Bringing him back into battle do him whole again and brought balance back to the war. Character Archetype The Damsel in DistressThe Trojan War was centered around two sides, the Greeks and the Trojans, chip over one person- Helen. Helen was the fairest woman in the world, and Paris was promised her as his wife by Aphrodite. The problem with that being that the role of Helens husband was already being championed off by her father, Menelaus, to powerful families in the field of force. Paris was then responsible for kidnapping Helen, thus causing Menelaus to call the Greeks together and slit a war with the Trojans to save the damsel in distress, his daughter. In the facial expression of Menelaus, the heroes were the Greeks fighting to save his daughter and the villains were the Trojans.Part Five The Great Families of MythologyChosen Myth The Royal House of ThebesSituational Archetype The FallIn the start of the city of Thebes, it was blessed with prosperity and wisdom by the gods, but by its end it had experienced some of the worst hardships known to man. When Cadmus and Harmonia, the founders of Thebes, fled from the city to Illyria, the equalise was turned into serpents by the gods. They were turned due to their fate, not because of punishment. Their fate w as produce of that the innocent suffered as much as the guilty. They turned from the rulers of a grand city into serpents. This archetype is also seen in the sub story of Oedipus. In the beginning Oedipus kills the Sphinx and is then made the King of Thebes. In the end, after the justice is revealed about his life, he begins a transition from light to darkness. He becomes covert and then his uncle/brother in law and his sons expel him from the city and he lives the rest of his life in penalty for crimes he wasnt alert he was committing.Symbolic Archetype NumbersIn the House of Thebes you repeatedly see the use of song in the work, such as the numbers five and seven. The number seven is seen in the amount of champions that attack the gate and the seven champions that protect it. The number seven represents the completion of the cycle, and throughout the myth the importance of the seven is burying the seven dead warriors bodies. By burying their bodies it brings peace to the com munity and restores the balance.Character Archetype Young person from the provincesThe hero, Oedipus, was separated from his family as an infant because an oracle had told his father that someday his son would kill him. He was raised away from Thebes, by King Polybus in Corinth. As an adult Oedipus returned to Thebes and overnight became their hero. In Thebes there was an issue with a Sphinx, and for the Sphinx to surrender and kill herself a diffuse had to be solved. Seeing the riddle in a new light, Oedipus solved the riddle and freed the people of Thebes from the Sphinx. They made Oedipus their king and for quite some time he ruled the area peacefully.Part Six The Less Important MythsChosen Myth Midas- And OthersSituational Archetype The InitiationIn the myth about Pomona, all she cares about are her fruits and orchids. Rather than her coming to a realization about her problems, she came to a realization about love. No matter the man, she was never interested in them because she felt that her plants were enough. She encountered the epiphany when Vertumnus finally revealed his true identity after kissing her and checking her how much he loved her. Once she saw him in the light of who he really was she saw her calling, to be with him and garden together.Symbolic Archetype The junctureThe Danaids were the daughters of Danaus, and in the myth his fifty daughters were being forced to marry their 50 cousins, Danaus brother, Aegyptus, fifty sons. Throughout the myth they sisters were trying to avoid marrying their cousins, but at some point the wedding between them arrived. The crossroads, symbolizes their fathers decision to tell the girls to kill their husbands after they got married. Because of this decision all but one of his daughters were sentenced to life in hell. And Danaus punished the one daughter who didnt follow his orders. Because of this one choice the daughters fate was changed forever.Character Archetype The Temptress commonly when you think of a temptress you imagine a hero fall for a girl, and then the girl is the source of his wrong doings, almost as if she urged him to do it. But in this case, it was a little different. Glaucus was a pekan who was then turned intoa sea-god. Glaucus was in love with a nymph, Scylla. He did everything in his power to try and make her love him. But one day, he went to Circe for a love potion in hopes that itd make the wonderful Scylla fall for him. But instead, Circe fell in love with him and used a disgusting of potion to turn Scylla into a monster. So because of Scyllas beauty and Glaucus love for her, his surrender was the jealousy of others centered around love. Its almost as if you feature Circe and Scyllas characters into one and itd form the perfect temptress.Part 7 The Mythology of NorsemenChosen Myth The Stories of Signy and SigurdSituational Archetype The QuestBrynhild was a Valkyrie that was punished and put to sleep until some man shall crawl through the flaming ele vate and awake her. Brynhild wanted a man that was brave to rescue her and the man responsible for that was Sigurd, the son of Sigmund. He completes the journey of having to make his way through the flames with his horse. Once he reaches his end goal, awakening Brynhild, she gives herself to him because he had proved his virtue and bravery through awakening her.Symbolic Archetype Fire versus iceIn the myth, fire is a reoccurring element. It first shows up when Signys children and husband are being burned and she allows herself to burn to death. It pops up again Brinhilds couch is surrounded with fire, a task for Sigurd to save her from. And again when Gudrun kills herself and prays to be laid on her husbands funeral pyre. So as you can see, fire is very much linked to life, rebirth, and death. Rebirth and death in the first scenario, birth of opportunities and love in the second, and death in the third.Character Archetype track down Group of CompanionsSigny made such an effort to make sure she remained reason to her family.extremely skinny. She had a child with her brother, Sinfiotli. The three of them were most often very close together, a close knit family. Through their plans of revenge to avenge the dead they completed the deeds with one another(prenominal). They were very support of one another and loving.

A Comprehensive Feasibility Study For The Establishment Of Paintwork T-shirt Printing House

A COMPREHENSIVE FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAINTWORK tee shirt PRINTING HOUSE Introduction Nowadays, printed shirt argon al puff up-nigh seen everywhere instruct uniforms with the school logos printed on it, publicizings printed on shirts, title of an event, dissimilar cartoon characters, quotable phrases and lot much things printed on shirts. There ar many dishes of transferring a physique to a shirt. Computer printed fancys, screen publish change, heat transferred images, and samaraing the shirt itself.In these modern days, things be make in faster ways that is why estimators play varieties of role. Computer printed throws ar among the most mutual in the market today. One sack have his profess picture printed in a shirt in just an moment or he scum bag even personalize a design that he likes to be printed in his shirt. A design derriere to a fault be transferred in physical body of shirts in a clothing company. This computer printed shirt is the focus of this feasibility study. We come up with this product to postulate in the demand of modern days consumers.In addition to computer printed shirts, we excessively come up with the idea having mixed designs as an art design exclusive for from each one company. Images add art to the printed shirts. It livens up the clothing and gives to a greater extent attraction to those who see it. Universities have their university shirts or organizational shirts, which is roughlytimes utilise by the students as their uniforms. Our problem is targeting this opportunity for us to give them a uniquely designed t-shirts that pass on surely be appreciated by the students and opposite group of passel.In addition to this, we similarly aim to create our portentous own painted design for some organizations who conduct events and some elfin companies in the country. The Concept PAINTWORK conceptualized a occupation enterprise that leave behind be the producer of painted designe d and computer printed shirts in some opposite schools in the country particularly in polytechnic University of the Philippines (the four owners alma mater). We jut out to create the products not for retail purposes but as a wholesale supply catering to the needs of the targeted market for their painted shirt uniforms, naval division shirts, organization shirts, clutch hirts and some other customized shirts. Nowadays, computer printed shirt designs are common in the market, so as the screen-printed designed shirts. Computer printed designs though are more modern and has more flavor with designs. It being an easy mathematical process to transfer a design to shirts with exclusive painted design for each company is our unique selling proposition. Our business oriented and hip designs are popular especially with the teenagers, students and the young.We come up with this product believing that we can supply the needs of consumers to have more modernized and likeable designs in its lift out outcome. Although we are new in this kind of business, we sleek over can promise the best outcome and produce very good fiber painted designed computer printed shirts that can be social occasiond in events, organizational uniforms, school uniforms and other more occasions. The price entrust be based on the cost used to create the product. Our painted shirts impart surely compete in the market in term of set but we are confident that ours is a product that is worth to be paid for.Objectives As stated in the concept for its creation, PAINTWORK pass on paint designed shirts that impart be used for uniform purposes in school organizations, small companies, events, and some institutions. PAINTWORK is comparable in the market in terms of pricing but the process of production and high quality stop product differs. The designs are personally made and manually transferred to the shirt resulting to exquisite classy products that leave behind satisfy the consumers.The ob jective of our company is to be more competitive in the market and to be the leading manufacturer and provider of paint designed computer printed shirts in the Philippines. * Short Term Objectives * To form a good rapport with the consumers and to the people. * To brinytain a good operative relationship with all our employees and also to the suppliers. * To be the favoured company of the leading universities and some companies to supply them our shirts with hand painted designs. * Long Term Objectives * Our companys objective is to be the leading supplier of the printed hirts for the future(a) 5 years in Polytechnic University of the Philippines to be used on the General fictionalisation of the students of Institute of Accounts, Business and Finance, and also for some universities in the country. * Our business will endeavour to be an excellent company here in the Philippines that will be loved by the Filipinos and eventually we can export our products to other countries. Compa ny Logo Organizational Chart ZAILEEN A. CULATA Sales Supervisor AVEGAIL C. LUCERO tycoon Supervisor PAULINE AGNES VELASCO Production Supervisor TITO M.PINEDA III General animal trainer Production workers Assistant PAINTWORK will be having four main heads for its organizational chart. Every partner will be assigned to each division to assure the harmony and proper management of the entity. The four partners are distributed in four main positions in the company such(prenominal) as prevalent conductor, production supervisory program, sales supervisor and magnate supervisor. The innovation will utilise three sociable and guest-oriented crews. Two crews will be assigned in stamp and editing the t-shirt design one crew will assist them.Neither of the pioneers will supervise the over-all development of the business. Manpower Requirement 1. avocation Title General Manager * Responsible for the whole organization and the business operation. He is also prudent to the following func tions * Must see to it in carrying out or handling the day-to-day operations of the business. * Must end out various developments for maximum favourableness of the business. * Must render sage decisions for the changes and improvement s of the business operation. * Must assure to every customer that they can produce quality products they needed. 2.Job Title Production Supervisor * She is responsible for supervising the production workers in the whole process of production and livelihood of the area. She also approves or edits the original design from the business or individualized design from the customers. 3. Job Title Sales Supervisor * Sales supervisor is responsible for marketing and delivery of the product. She is in charge in dealings with the customers. 4. Job Title great power Supervisor * She is responsible for supervising the office works. She manages the accountant and the clerk in the office. 5. Job Title Production Workers They are the ones responsible for transfe rring the designs to the computer, printing the shirt, drying and packaging of the products. They deal with the whole process of producing the best paint designed computer printed shirts. 6. Job Title Assistant * Serves as a clerk that assists in all the office works. Services Offered Paintwork will offer assistants on customized, personalized t-shirt printing and editing design. Products will be made in its highest quality, perfect for corporate gifts, batch shirt, uniforms, give away, couple shirt, university shirts and more.Our aim is to delivering quality garments made to your design and specialations at a competitive price by using the latest printing techniques for any occasion. If youre in the market for an individually stylized division of apparel, weve got everything youre ever likely to need T -shirt printing designs is what were all about and regardless of whether you have an idea of your own in mind, or you fancy one of our best sellers, the garments we will supply yo u with will be of a superior quality. We pride ourselves on the reliability of service we will offer. Actual PlanPAINTWORK will be built outside the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, specifically in Newtons Plaza, Sta. Mesa, Manila. Initially, the three sociable and customer-oriented crews will handle the production of customized, personalized t-shirts and designs. Rest assured that the ambiance of the establishment is excellent to make customers feel comfortable. Floor Plan Future Plans subsequently six months of operation, PAINTWORK will launch its latest additional product offers such as personalized banners and tarpaulins. After a year, a branch is plotted to build but the location is not yet final.These measures are intend to provide the same quality and affordable customized, personalized printing of shirts and advertisement designs to students, companies and others. Facilities The business should have the following facilities to be able to operate 1. Office * Havin g an office is necessary to accommodate customers and to serve as an area for people to work. 2. Printing Room * The business needs its own printing populate to gather the regulation of the consumers in printing t-shirts. The room has machines for printing and other equipment in need to do the products. 3.Sewing Room * It is where the products are being sew to add design with the t-shirts. Production Process 1. Creating the Design. This is the first step in producing the painted shirt. The design must first be done and drafted for the next step to continue. In this step, the consumers must agree with the design being suggested or pass his personal design. The colors to be used must also be enumerated. 2. Transferring the Design to the Computer. 3. Printing the Shirt Design. This is the main step of this process this is where the design is being transferred on the shirt. . Drying Drying is very important in this process because once the painted design is not dry, it might be des troyed and the shirt will not be used at all. The painted shirt is dried through blowers for quicker drying. 5. Checking of Shirt This step is done to ensure that all the painted shirts will turn out as expected, excellent and with a classy result. 6. Packaging This is the last step of the production process where in the finished painted shirts are placed in a cloth bag as it packaging. After this, the painted shirts can be delivered. Production The process of production was practiced very well and perfected to have a product with a high standard and quality that will be best suited for its consumers. * All employees / workers are trained proficiently and must be very knowledgeable on how the process of production goes as well as the proper use of facilities and equipment. * Materials come from reliable sources with their own safety measures to have a quality and trusted product. * The business also sees to it that there are enough materials so as not to delay the production process .Packaging PAINTWORK Designed shirts are jammed in cloth bags. These are better than the usual packaging that comes in plastic sack. Quality Control Our business ensures the quality and unique prints of the shirts to meet the customers satisfaction. In order to prove the business assume that it is 100% worth to be paid for, we set our guidelines and policies for the workers to follow in the production of our product. Investments The owners made the following investments to meet the goals of the business EquipmentP35,000 OfficeP 45,000 Initial OperationsP25,000TOTAL COSTP 105,000 The equipment admit the sewing machines and the printing machines while the office includes the facilities like tables and chairs in the main office, printing room and sewing room. Profitability Analysis The simplest way of approximating gainability is to assume the expected payment of the consumers and subtract from it the expected expenses. The t-shirt cost P160. 00 P300. 00. In example, a customer or dered 50 shirts and the quality of its design costs, lets say, P200. 00 each. 50 shirts X P200. 00 = P10, 000. 00For instance that the cost of expenses on each shirt is P120. 00, the business will earn a profit of P80. 00 for each shirt, with the total of P4, 000. 00, that is for 50 shirts. The profit of the company depends on the number of shirts a customer will ask. Thus, this computation is in approximation and still subjected for any changes if such is to be proven needed. Operational Expenses As for the computation, usable expenses are estimated to be around P120. 00 per shirt. For instance, there are 50 shirts to be printed (P120. 00 x 50), a total of P6000. 0 is the operational expense incurred. This totality should therefore be watched to monitor the operational expenses of the company. The general manager in this sense should drive allocating the remaining retained earnings as an fitting for PAINTWORK. Break-Even Point Analysis PAINTWORK initially invested P105, 000. 00 which is recoverable immediately after an virtually 5 months of successful regular operations. The management placed the shirts at a price range which is cost effective and considering wholesaler as our study target market.The average price of a t-shirt is P160. 00, more affordable than expected though it has many benefits and price will be stalls and not to become a big deal at all. mental process and Appraisal Program The company will conduct an evaluation on the employees in which the supervisor evaluates their performance the result of the evaluation will be given to the employees indicating the level of their performance areas of improvement. This evaluate will be the earth for the increase of their salary and promotion for employees.The following factors that the company will consider 1. A manager and employee shall hold formal appraisal meetings once or twice a year. 2. Employees should be given immediate and adequate feedback regarding their performance. The manager an d supervisor should maintain a record of critical incident specific situation, task, action and result negative and positive. 3. Managers and supervisors are accountable for evaluating performance in developing their subordinates. The manager and supervisor should also be appraising in their performance management skills. 4.The performance appraisal system shall encourage the employees participation in the company. Timetable PAINTWORK DATE ACTIVITIES START second week, March April 2012 feasibleness studies, research and Analysis 2nd week, March 2nd week, July 2012 Capital piece 3rd week, April 2nd week, May 2012 Registration Permit and other Licenses maiden and 2nd week, April 2012 Canvassing of Raw Materials and Location of the Business 3rd week, June 2nd week of July 2012 Setting the Place of the Business 1st and 2nd week, June 2012 enlisting and Hiring of Employees 1st week , solemn 2012Purchasing of Raw Materials and Equipment 4th week, August 2012 Training of Employees 1 st week, September 2012 Ribbon Cutting and Start of the figure Business Operation

Free Fall Lab

still F alone Lab Natalie Soria Lab Partners Ryan Michaely Iqra Haji Yan Huang 1. Purpose The purpose of this taste is to determine the speedup collectable to solemness by observing the proceeding of a free travel object. 2. Equipment Used A. Timer renewal B. Time-of-Flight henchman C. Control Box D. AC adapter E. Drop Box F. trade name lummox G. Solid gold lump H. Big plastic ball 3. Method Used 1) Place the steel ball on the slide down box. 2) Set the dater to Time Two Gates mode. 3) Measure the length between the bottom of the ball and the plate and record in panel 4) Release the ball using the timer switch and record the time it takes to fall. ) Change the distance and repeat step (4) until table is complete 6) fall back steps (3) (5) with solid golf game ball 7) Repeat steps (3) (5) with considerable plastic ball 4. Diagram Time-Of-Flight Accessory Time-Of-Flight Accessory Timer Switch Timer Switch Timer Timer DROPBOX DROPBOX 5. Data STEEL twine Table 1 find the acceleration of the steel ball dropped standoffishness (M) Time(S) Time(S2) 0. 80m 0. 4074s 0. 166s2 0. 75m 0. 3969s 0. 1575s2 0. 70m 0. 3809s 0. 1451s2 0. 65m 0. 3692s 0. 1363s2 0. 60m 0. 3546s 0. 1257s2 0. 55m 0. 3438s 0. 1182s2 SOLID GOLF BALLTable 2 Determining the acceleration of the solid golf ball dropped Distance (M) Time(S) Time(S2) 0. 80m 0. 4044s 0. 1635s2 0. 75m 0. 3906s 0. 1526s2 0. 70m 0. 3785s 0. 1433s2 0. 65m 0. 3643s 0. 1363s2 0. 60m 0. 3494s 0. 1257s2 0. 55m 0. 3390s 0. 1182s2 PLASTIC BALL Table 3 Determining the acceleration of the plastic ball dropped Distance (M) Time(S) Time(S2) 0. 80m 0. 4111s 0. 169s2 0. 75m 0. 4026s 0. 1621s2 0. 70m 0. 3849s 0. 1481s2 0. 65m 0. 3698s 0. 1368s2 0. 60m 0. 3553s 0. 1262s2 0. 55m 0. 3382s 0. 1144s2 6. Calculations Determining Avg. Time for separately trialWith formulasWith numbers T1+T2+T3 = Avg. T (S)(. 4072s) + (. 4078s) + (. 4073s) = Avg. T(S) 33 .4074s = Avg. T (S) Determining T2 With formulasWith numbers T = S2 T = ( 0. 4111s)2 T = 0. 169s2 7. Conclusions The objective was to determine acceleration due to the set up of gravity. Gravity stayed constant through the whole experiment. Source of error could be due to measuring between ball and mat inaccurately. Answers to questions (1) Using our kinematics equations and the construct of a straight line (y=mx+b), show that the graphs made in part (7) should indeed be a straight line.What should the theoretical set for the cant and y-intercept be for this graph? (2) What are the actual values of the slope and y-intercept for the three graphs. Compare these to the theoretical values. Calculate the gravitational acceleration for all three balls from this information. (3) Comment on why the acceleration due to gravity is less for the plastic ball than the others. Give some ideas why you conceptualize this particular ball would behave like this and the other balls would not. The gravitational acceleration due to gravity is the same for every object, th e total acceleration is not.Acceleration is bring down a bit by the particular mass of the ball. In cases where m is large (like the steel ball and golf ball), the constituent will be small and therefore falling at almost the same acceleration. alone in the case where m is small (like the plastic hallow ball) the factor could be large, and therefore the balls acceleration could be significantly less due to the hollowness of the ball. Although the plastic ball is bigger in size, its mass is lighter. (4) A ball is thrown upward. epoch the ball is in the air, does its acceleration increase, decrease, or remain the same?Describe what happens to the velocity of the object from when it is thrown until when it returns. While in the air, the balls acceleration would remain the same. When the ball is thrown, its velocity is positive and lessen as its going up, and at the highest point, the velocity is zero. When its glide path back down, the velocity is negative and increasing. (5) Exp lain conceptually (without using equations) what the reach of Distance vs. Time would look like for a ball falling to the ground. Use kinematics to explain why it would be like this. The falling ball is moving at a constant rate ( 9. 80 ms-2 )

Enterperneurship and Notes

enterprisership&8212MGT602 VU Table of Contents Lesson No. Title / meridianic 1 Introduction 2 The Nature and Importance of enterprisership 3 enterpriserial assist/ Start up 4 The enterpriserial and Intrapreneurial opinion 5 The entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind (Contd ) 6 The Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind (Contd ) 7 The Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Mind (Contd ) 8 The Individual Entrepreneur 9 The Individual Entrepreneur (Contd ) 10 The Individual Entrepreneur (Contd 11 global Entrepreneurial Opportunities 12 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities 13 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Contd ) 14 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Contd ) 15 International Entrepreneurial Opportunities (Contd ) 16 Creativity and demarcation composition 17 Creativity and the Business Idea 18 Legal Issues for the Entrepreneur 19 Legal Issues for Entrepreneur (Contd ) 20 Legal Issues for the Entrepreneur (Contd ) 21 Creating and Starting the Ven ture 22 Creating and Starting the Business Venture (Contd 23 Creating and Starting the Venture (Continued) 24 Creating and Starting the Business aim Continued) 25 The Marketing Plan 26 The Marketing Mix 27 The organisational Plan 28 The Organizational Plan (Continued) 29 The Organization Plan (Contd ) 30 The Financial Plan 31 The Financial Plan (Continued ) 32 Pro Forma Sources and Uses of Funds 33 Pro causea Sources and Uses of Funds 34 wedge Lending Decision 35 Sources of Capital 36 Sources of Capital (Contd ) 37 Capital Sources in Pakistan Preparing for the b ar-assed Venture Launch Early perplexity Decisions 38 (Contd ) P season No. 3 06 08 13 15 18 20 22 24 26 29 33 35 37 39 40 43 46 49 52 54 56 58 60 62 65 68 70 72 75 77 81 83 85 87 89 91 95 copyright virtual(prenominal) University of Pakistan 1 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU 39 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Manage custodyt Decisions (Contd ) 40 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Managework forcet Decisions (Contd ) 41 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Management Decisions (Contd ) 96 97 99 42 Preparing for the New Venture Launch Early Management Decisions (Contd ) 43 New Venture expansion Strategies and Issues 44 New Venture Expansion Strategies and Issues (Contd 45 Entrepreneurship and Pakistan 102 103 105 108 copyright realistic University of Pakistan 2 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 INTRODUCTION Lesson 01 cultivation OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VU 1. To introduce the concept of entrepreneurship and its historical learning. 2. To apologise the entrepreneurial ending routine. 3. To cite the basic geeks of jut out-up perils. 4. To condone the individual(prenominal) credit line office of entrepreneurship in scotch delaying. 5. To discuss the morals and racial responsibility of entrepreneurs. NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP The term entrepreneur comes from the french and translates surrounded by-taker or go-between. Earliest Period In t his check the m whizzy item-by-item (forerunner of the effecting jacket cr proclaimist) entered into a contract with the go-between to sell his well be boastds. While the capitalist was a passive find be ber, the merchant bore all the physical and stimulated bumps. Middle Ages In this age the term entrepreneur was used to secernate twain an actor and a person who managed declamatory yieldion shake offs. In such(prenominal) intumescent crossingion projects, this person did non take whatever pre tiltinesss, managing the project with the re reference works provided. A typical entrepreneur was the cleric who managed architectural projects. seventh Century In the 17th century the entrepreneur was a person who entered into a contract with the g everywherenment to perform a do Richard Cantillon, a noned economist of the 1700s, break danceed theories of the entrepreneur and is regarded as the appointer of the term. He viewed the entrepreneur as a risk taker who buys at legitimate hurt and sells at an uncertain price, on that pointfore operating at a risk. eighteenth Century In the 18th century the person with capital was severalize from the match slight who compulsory capital. In other(a) words, entrepreneur was distinguished from the capital provider. hardly a(prenominal) of the inventions developed during this time as was the case with the inventions of Eli Whitney and Thomas Edison were unable to pay invention themselves. Both were capital users (entrepreneurs), non capital providers ( gage capitalists. ) Whitney used expropriated opinion poll property. Edison raised capital from private sources. A approximate capitalist is a maestro money manager who dupes risk coronations from a kitty of truth capital to obtain a high gear rate of return on investments. 19th and twentieth Centuries In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, entrepreneurs were viewed roughlyly from an sparing perspective.The entrepreneur contri alonees his decl atomic number 18 initiative, skill and ingenuity in planning, organizing and administering the enterprise, assuming the chance of issue and gain. Andrew Carnegie is one of the outgo examples of this definition, building the Ameri foot steel industry on of the wonders of industrial world, primarily through his combat rather than creativeness. In the middle of the 20th century, the notion of an entrepreneur as an innovator was progressed. right of first publication virtual(prenominal) University of Pakistan 3 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602Innovation, the act of introducing some(prenominal)thing impudently, is one of the al close to difficult labor movements for the entrepreneur. VU Edward Harriman and John Pierpont Morgan argon examples of this type of entrepreneur. Edward reorganized the Ontario and southern railroad track through the northern pacific trust and john developed his large banking house by reorganizing and finance the nations industries. This clev erness to enclose is an instinct that distinguishes adult anthropoid beingnesss from other creatures and fecal matter be observed passim memorial. DEFINITION OF ENTREPRENEUR The concept of entrepreneurship from a personalised perspective has been explored in this century.This exploration is reflected in the following terce definitions of an entrepreneur In most all definitions of entrepreneurship, at that place is agreement that we be talking about a kind of behavior that includes 1. Initiative pickings 2. The organizing and reorganizing or hearty/economic mechanisms to turn resources and postal services to practical account. 3. The acceptance of risk or misad think. To an economist, an entrepreneur is one who brings resources, labor, materials, and other assets into combinations that steel their value longer than before, and one who introduces changes, insertions, and a saucily clubhouse.To a psychologist, such a person is typically driven by certain forces- th e destiny to obtain something, to experiment, to accomplish or perhaps to pretermit the authority of others. Entrepreneurship is the participating crop of creating incremental wealth. Our definition of entrepreneurship involves four aspects 1. Entrepreneurship involves the macrocosm process. 2. It requires the devotion of the infallible time and effort. 3. It involves assuming the necessary risks. 4. The give backs of being an entrepreneur be independence, personal satisf follow out, and monetary vantage.For the person who actually actuates his or her own melodic line there is a high pop offure rate cod to poor sales, intense competition, lack of capital or lack of managerial capacity. THE ENTR EPRENEURIAL DECISION PROCESS (Deciding to become an entrepreneur by leaving read activity ) M either individuals cast difficulty bringing their ideas to the market and creating everyplacebold back entrepreneurship and the actual entrepreneurial purposes move over result ed in several meg spick-and-span vocationes being lowered end-to-end the world.Although no one knows the exact come in in the United States. Indeed, millions of conjectures ar lay down despite recession, inflation, high amour order, and lack of infra structure, economic uncertainty and the high probability of failure The entrepreneurial decision process entails a movement from something to something a movement from a point life style to forming a refreshed enterprise. To leave-taking a present live-style to stimulate something saucily comes from a negative forcedisruption. many an(prenominal) companies atomic number 18 organize by hoi polloi who ease up retired, moved, or been fired. other arrest of disruption secure Virtual University of Pakistan 4 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 is completing an developmental full point. The decision to start a spick-and-span company occurs when an individual perceives that forming a peeled enterprise is both desirable and come-at-able. VU KEY terms uncovering innovations A parvenu crossway with some technological change Business morality The study of behavior and morals in a course concern organisation situation Desirability of rising venture geological geological formation Aspects of a situation that score it desirable to start a vernal company.Entrepreneur Individual who takes risks and starts something stark naked Entrepreneur as an innovator An individual developing something unique Entrepreneurial decision process Deciding to become an entrepreneur by leaving present activity Entrepreneurship Process of creating something parvenue and assuming the risks and rewards secure Virtual University of Pakistan 5 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 THE NATURE AND IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Lesson 02 VU scholarship OBJECTIVES 1. To introduce the concept of entrepreneurship and its historical nurture. . To explain the entrepreneurial decision process. Desirability of New Venture Formation (Aspects of a situation that fix it desirable to start a natural company) The erudition that outset a in the altogether company is desirable results from an individuals assimilation, subculture, family, teachers and peers. American culture places a high value on being your own boss, being a get throughment and making money therefore, it is not surprising to find a high rate of company formation in the United States.On the other hand in some countries making money is not as valued and failure whitethorn be a disgrace. The rate of business formation in these countries is not as high. Many subcultures that shape value systems execute in spite of appearance a heathen framework. Studies indicate that a high pctage of founders of companies had fathers and/or mothers who valued independence. boost to form a company is too gained from teachers, who can significantly perceive individuals. An area having a si sensitivey educational base is too a requirement for entrepreneurial activity.Peers are key, also, as is an area with an entrepreneurial pool and peer-meeting place. Possibility of New Venture Formation (Factors making it possible to shit a new venture) Although the relish of new venture formation derived from the individuals culture, subculture, family, teachers and peers ineluctably to be present before any action is taken, the imprimatur feature necessary centers around this question What makes it possible to form a new company? Formal education nd previous business accommodate sex give a voltage entrepreneur the skills unavoidable to form and manage a new enterprise. Although educational systems are primal in providing the needed business intimacy, individual leave take to the woods to be more than sure-fire in forming in fields in which they rent worked. The government also contributes by providing the infrastructure to answer a new venture. The market essential be large enough and the entrepreneur must(prenominal) put one across the marketing know-how to put together the entire package. Finally, pecuniary resources must be readily easy.Although most start-up money comes from personal savings, credit, and friends, but there is frequently a need for additional capital. Riskcapital availability plays an essential role in the development and addition of entrepreneurial activity. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 6 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU KEY TERMS Foundation companies A type of company formed from look and development that ordinarily does not go public. Gazelles Very high stupefyth ventures. givement as an innovator A government active in commercializing engineering High- potency ventures.A venture that has high growth probable and therefore receives great investor intimacy Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship at bottom an existing business structure Iterative synthesis The intersection of knowledge and social need that starts the product development process Lifestyle blotto A footling venture that reserves the owners and usually does not grow Ordinary innovation Z new product with wee technological change Possibility of new venture formation Factors making it possible to create a new venture Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 7 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 entrepreneurial PROCESS/START UPS Lesson 03 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To post the basic types of start-up ventures. 2. To explain the role of entrepreneurship in economic development 3. To discuss the ethics and racial responsibility of TYPES OF START-UPS Life-Style Firms A lifestyle firm exists primarily to support the owners and usually has little growth probability.This type of firm may grow after several years to 30 or 40 employees. Foundation Companies VU A type of company formed from research and development that usually does not go public. This firm can grow in five to ten years from 40 to cd employees. High-Potential Venture A venture has high growth emf and therefore receives great investor interest. The company may start out comparable a foundation company, but its growth is far more rapid. afterward five to ten years the company could employ around ergocalciferol employees.These firms are also called gazelles and are most heavy for the economic development of an area ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The role of entrepreneurship in economic development involves initiating change in the structure of business and society. iodine theory of economic growth depicts innovation as the key, not barely in developing new products, but also in excite investment interest. The new capital created carrys the capacity for growth (supply side), and new spending utilizes the new capacity and output (demand side. In spite of the immensity of investment and innovation in the economic development of an area, there is still a lack of understanding of few factors which are as follows The product-evolution process is the process through which innovation d evelops and commercializes through entrepreneurial activity, which in turn stimulates economic growth. It begins with knowledge in the base technology and ends with products or services available in the marketplace. The detailed point in the process is the intersection of knowledge and a acknowledge social need, called the iterative synthesis.This point oftentimes fails to pullulate into a marketable innovation. Most innovations introduced in the market are intermediate innovations, with little uniqueness. Technological innovations refer to new products with significant technological advancements. Breakthrough innovations mean the development of new products with some technological change. Regardless of the train of uniqueness or technology, each innovation evolves into and develops towards commercialization through one of three mechanisms the government, entrepreneurship, or entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship has assisted in revitalizing areas of the Copyright Virtual Uni versity of Pakistan 8 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU inner city. Individuals in inner-city areas can relate to the concept and see it as a possibility for changing their present situation. GOVERNMENT AS AN INNOVATOR A government active in commercializing technology is cognize as an innovative government. Commercializing technology is frequently called technology transfer. However, few inventions resulting from government-sponsored research have reached the commercial market.Most of the by-products from scientific research have little act to any social need. The government lacks the business skills needed for successful commercialization. Government bureaucracy and red tape also often inhibit the timely formation of the business. Recently, federal labs have been demand to commercialize some of their technology each year and some are providing entrepreneurial training Intrapreneurship Intrapreneurship refers to entrepreneurship within an existing constitution or business structur e. Existing businesses have the financial resources, business skills, and arketing and distribution system to commercialize innovation successfully. Often the bureaucratic structure, emphasis on short-term pro tote ups, and structured placement inhibit creativity. many corporations have tried to strand an Entrepreneurial spirit in their organization, some in the form of strategic business units (SBUs. ) Intrapreneurship can also noseband the opening move between science and the marketplace. It is the practice of using entrepreneurial skills without victorious on the risks or accountability associated with entrepreneurial activities.It is practiced by employees within an established organization using a systemized business model. Employees, perhaps set-aside(p) in a special project within a big firm are supposed to behave as entrepreneurs, even though they have the resources and capabilities of the larger firm to draw upon. Capturing the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial c are ( act things until successful, learning from failures, attempting to conserve resources, etc. ) adds to the potential of otherwise stable organizations without exposing those employees or self mployed people to the risks or accountability normally associated with entrepreneurial failure. Employee Intrapreneur An employee Intrapreneur is the person who focuses on innovation and creativity and who transforms a dream or an idea into a profitable venture, by operating within the organisational environs. Thus, Intrapreneurs are inside entrepreneurs who follow the goal of the organization. Employees, perhaps engaged in a special project within a larger firm are supposed to behave as entrepreneurs, even though they have the resources, capabilities and security of the larger firm to draw upon.Capturing a little of the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial management (trying things until successful, learning from failures, attempting to conserve resources, etc. ) adds to the potential of an otherwise static organizations without exposing those employees to the risks or accountability normally associated with entrepreneurial failure Entrepreneurship The third method for bridging the gap between the science and the marketplace is via Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 9 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs have difficult time bridging this gap and creating new ventures.They may often lack managerial skills, marketing capabilities, or financial resources. They frequently do not know how to interface with banks, suppliers, customers, and distributors. Yet, entrepreneurship is the most effective method for bridging the gap and creating new enterprises, these activities affect an areas economy by building the economic base and providing jobs. entrepreneurial CAREERS AND EDUCATION Since 1985 there has been an add-on interest in entrepreneurial lifes fostered by factors such as increase media coverage of entrepreneurs and employment sh ifts.A conceptual model for understanding entrepreneurial careers views the career stages as interacting with other stages and events in the individuals life, the life-cycle approach. This approach conceptualizes entrepreneurial careers in nine categories. 1. Educational milieu 2. The individuals nature 3. puerility family environment 4. physical exercise write up 5. Adult development history 6. Adult family/non-work history 7. Current work situation 8. The individuals current perspective 9.The current family situation Although there exist a common perception that entrepreneur are less educated than the worldwide population however studies have found entrepreneurs overall and young-bearing(prenominal) entrepreneurs in particular, are far more educated than the familiar population. However, this education sometimes does not develop the specific skills needed in the venture, especially for women entrepreneurs. puerility influences have been explored, particularly in toll of v alues and the individuals personality . The traits most frequently researched are the need for achievement, locus of nurse, risk-taking, and sexual activity identity.The research on the childhood family environment of the entrepreneur has had more certain(prenominal) results. Entrepreneurs range to have freelance(a) fathers, and many also have entrepreneurial mothers. The family plays an pregnant role in establishing the desirability of entrepreneurship as a career. Employment history also has an touch on entrepreneur careers in both positive and a negative sense. Entrepreneurs tend to have a high probability of success when the venture created is in their field of experience. Negative switching (such as dissatisfaction with various aspects of ones job) also come ons entrepreneurship.Although no definite research has been through with(p) on the adult development history of entrepreneurs, it appears to also affect entrepreneurs careers. Ones development history has somewha t more of an impact on women, since they tend to start businesses at a later(prenominal) stage in life. there is a lack of data on adult family/non-work history and the available data adds little understanding towards entrepreneurial career development. Entrepreneurs are known for their strong work values, their long workdays, and their applyling management style. They tend to fall in love with the organization and go away sacrifice almost Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 10 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU anything in order for it to survive. While in college, few future entrepreneurs realize that they exit lease entrepreneurship as their major life goal. Relatively few individuals will start a business immediately after graduation. Entrepreneurship education is a truehearted growing area in colleges and universities. While the courses vary by university, there is a great commonality, especially in the initial few courses. The skills required by entrepreneurs can be c lassified in to three master(prenominal) areas 1.Technical skills involve such things as writing, listening, oral presentations, coaching, and proficient know-how. 2. Business management skills include those areas involved in starting, developing and managing any enterprise. 3. Personal entrepreneurial skills disaccordentiate an entrepreneur from a manager and include inner chasteness (discipline), risk taking, innovativeness, persistence, visionary lead, and being change oriented. These skills and objectives form the basis of the standard approach to an entrepreneurship curriculum.Today entrepreneurs are recognizing the need to learn some of the science of management in an MBA program in order to grow their businesses effectively in the global environment. ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF ENTREPRENEURS The entrepreneur must establish a balance between ethical exigencies, economic expediency, and social responsibility. A managers attitudes concerning bodily responsibility tend to be appurtenant of laws and professional codes of ethics. Entrepreneurs have few reference persons, role models, and developed internal ethics codes.Entrepreneurs are sensitive to peers constrict and social norms in the community as tumesce as extorts from their companies. While ethics refers to the study of whatever is right and inviolable for humans, business ethics concerns itself with the investigation of business practices in light of human values. The word ethics stems from the Greek ethos, meaning custom and usage. Development of Our respectable Concepts Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle provide the earliest books dealing with ethical conceptions earlier writings involving moral codes can be found in both Judaism and Hinduism.American attitudes on ethics result from three principle influences Judeo-Christian heritage, a article of belief in individualism and opportunities based on ability rather than social status. Research on business ethics can be low-pitched down into four abundant classifications 1. Pedagogically-oriented inquiry 2. Theory-building without empirical testing 3. a posteriori research, measuring the attitudes and ethical beliefs of students and academic faculty 4.Empirical research within business environments THE FUTURE OF ENTREPRENE URSHIP In spite of the differences in definition of entrepreneurship, there are common aspects such as risk taking, creativity, independence, and rewards. Entrepreneurship is currently being embraced by educational institutions, governments, societies, and corporations. Schools are increasing their emphasis on entrepreneurship in terms of courses and academic research. In Europe many universities have started programs in entrepreneurship. There has also been an increase in academic research, endowed chairs and centers of Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 11 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU entrepreneurial activity. Governments have also promoted the growth of entrepreneurship. Individ uals are encourage to form new businesses and provided tax incentives, roads, and a communications system to assuage this creative process. round state governments are developing strategies for fostering entrepreneurial activity. The venture capital industry has benefited from lowering of capital gains tax rates and more relaxed rules regarding pension fund investment. Societys support of entrepreneurship is little in providing motivation and public support.The media has played a powerful role in developing public support. Media coverage uplifts the image of the entrepreneur and growth companies. Articles have appeared in newspapers such as New York Times, The Wall highroad Journal, and the Washington Post. Business magazines such as Barrons, Business Week, Forbes, and Fortune have provided coverage. Magazines such as Black Enterprise, Entrepreneur, Inc. , and Venture focus on issues of the entrepreneurial process. Television on both a national and local train has highlighted entrepreneurship. Large companies will continue to have a special interest in Entrepreneurship in the future.The largest 15 companies account for over 20 percent of the organic U. S. research and development. Other companies will create more new businesses through Entrepreneurship. KEY TERMS Product-evolution process Process for developing and commercializing an innovation Risk taking Taking calculated chances in creating and running a venture. Technological innovation A new product with significant technological advancement Technology transfer Commercializing the technology in the laboratories into new products Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 12 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602THE entrepreneurial AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND LEARNING OBJECTIV ES 1. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. 2. To explain the differences between entrepreneurial and managerial vie areas. 3. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. 4. To identify the p ublic characteristics of an Entrepreneur. 5. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization. VU Lesson 04 ENTREPR E NEURIAL PROCESS The entrepreneurial process involves finding, evaluating, and developing an chance by overcoming the strong forces that resist the world of something new.Phase 1 Identifying and Evaluating the Opportunity Most good business opportunities result from an entrepreneur being alert to possibilities. Some sources are often fruitful, including consumers and business associates. Channel members of the distribution system-retailers, wholesalers or manufacturers reps-are also helpful. Technically-oriented individuals often identify business opportunities when working on other projects. Each hazard must be carefully screened and evaluated-this is the most critical element of the entrepreneurial process. . The evaluation process involves looking at b. The foot and distance of the luck c. Its real and perceived value d. Its risks and return. e. Its fit with the skills and goals of the entrepreneur f. Its differential advantage in its competitive environment It is important to understand the cause of the opportunity, as the resulting opportunity may have a different market size and time dimension. The market size and the length of the window of opportunity are the primarily bases for ascertain risks and rewards.The risks reflect the market, competition, technology, and kernel of capital involved. The arrive of capital forms the basis for the return and rewards. The return and reward of the present opportunity take to be viewed in light of any possible subsequent opportunities as well. The opportunity must fit the personal skills and goals of the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur must be able to put forth the necessary time and effort required for the venture to succeed. One must trust in the opportunity enough to make the necessary sacrifices.Opportunity analysis, or an opportunity assessment plan, should focu s on the opportunity and provide the basis to make the decision, including a. A translation of the product or service b. An assessment of the opportunity c. Assessment of the entrepreneur and the squad d. Specifications of all the activities and resources needed e. The source of capital to finance the initial venture The most difficult aspect of opportunity analysis is the assessment of the opportunity. Phase 2 Develop a Business Plan A good business plan must be developed in order to exploit the opportunity defined.A good business plan is important in developing the opportunity and in determining the resources required, obtaining those resources and successfully managing the venture. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 13 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU Phase 3 follow the Resources Required. Assessing the resources needed starts with an appraisal of the entrepreneurs present resources. Any resources that are critical must be distinguished from those that are just helpful. mete out must be taken not to underestimate the amount and manakin of resources needed. Acquiring needed resources, while giving up as little control as possible, is difficult.The entrepreneur should try to maintain as large an possession position as possible, particularly in the start-up stage. As the business develops, more silver will probably be needed, requiring more ownership be relinquished. Alternative resource suppliers should be identified, along with their needs and desires, in order to structure a deal with the lowest cost and loss of control. Phase 4 Manage the Enterprise. The entrepreneur must employ these resources through implementation of the business plan. This involves implementing a management structure, as well as identifying a control system.KEY TERMS Administrative domain The ways managers make decisions Business plan The description of the future direction of the business bodily culture The environment of a particular organization Entrepreneurial domain Th e ways entrepreneurs make decisions Entrepreneurial process The process through which a new venture is created by an entrepreneur Entrepreneurial culture The environment of an entrepreneurial-oriented organization Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship within an existing business organization Opportunity appellative The process by which an entrepreneur comes up with the opportunity for a new venture Opportunity parameters Barriers to new product creation and development give management commitment Managers in an organization strongly supporting entrepreneurship tralatitious managers Managers in a non-entrepreneurial-oriented organization Window of opportunity The time s elucidate consonant available for creating the new venture Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 14 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VUTHE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND (continued) Lesson 05 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. 2. To explain the differences between ent repreneurial and managerial domains. 3. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. 4. To identify the superior general characteristics of an entrepreneur. 5. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization. MANAGERIAL VERSUS ENTREPRENEURIAL DECISION making The difference between the entrepreneurial and managerial styles involves five business dimensions. strategical Orientation The entrepreneurs strategic orientation depends on his or her perception of the opportunity.This orientation is most important when other opportunities have fall returns accompanied by rapid changes in technology, consumer economies, social values or political rules. When the use of planning systems is the strategic orientation, there is more pressure for the administrative domain to be operant. Commitment to Opportunity The entrepreneurial domainis pressured by the need for action and has a short time span in terms of opportunity commitment. The ad ministrative domain (the ways mangers make decisions) is not only slow to act on an opportunity, but the commitment is usually for a longer time span. Commitment of Resources An entrepreneur is used to having resources affiliated at periodic intervals, often based on certain tasks or objectives being reached.In acquiring these resources the entrepreneur is forced to achieve significant milestones using really few resources. In the administrative domain, the commitment of resources is for the total amount needed. Administrative-oriented individuals receive personal rewards by effectively administering the resources under their control. Control of Resources The executive director is rewarded by effective resource administration and has a drive to own or accumulate as many resources as possible. The entrepreneur, under pressure of limited resources, strives to rent resources on an as-needed basis. Managerial Structure In the administrative domain, the organizational structure is for malized and hierarchical in nature.The entrepreneur employs a flat organizational structure with informal ne dickensrks. CAUSES FOR RECENT INTEREST IN INTRAPRENEURSHIP Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 15 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU Interest in intrapreneurship has resulted from events occurring on social, cultural, and business levels. There is an increasing interest in doing your own thing. Individuals frequently desire to create something of their own. They want responsibility and want more exemption in their organizations. Frustration can develop and result in the employee becoming less productive or leaving the organization. This has recently caused more discontent in structured organizations.When meaning is not provided within the organization, individuals often search for an institution, such as entrepreneurship, that will provide it. Intrapreneurship is one method for stimulating and capitalizing on those who think that something can be done differently and bette r, such as Xerox Corporations commitment to Xerox Technology Ventures. It is important to instill the intrapreneurial spirit in an organization in order to pioneer and grow. In a large organization problems occur that thwart creativity and innovation. This growth and diversity that can result are critical, since large corporations are more efficient in a competitive market than are small firms.The resistance against flexibility, growth, and diversification can be overcome by developing a spirit of entrepreneurship, called Intrapreneurship, within the existing organization. There are social, cultural, and business pressures for Entrepreneurship. Hyper competition has forced U. S. companies to focus on new product development and increased productivity. Reductions in large corporations mental faculty are being absorbed in the workforce, particularly in small businesses. Entrepreneurial endeavors consist of four key elements. 1. New business venturing refers to the creation of new business within an existing organization. 2. Organizational innovativeness refers to product and service innovation with an emphasis on development and innovation in technology. 3.Self-renewal reflects the renewing of organizations through the renewal of the key ideas on which they are built. 4. Proactiveness includes initiative and risk taking, as well as competitive aggressiveness KEY TERMS Administrative domain The ways managers make decisions Business plan The description of the future direction of the business Corporate culture The environment of a particular organization Entrepreneurial domain The ways entrepreneurs make decisions Entrepreneurial process The process through which a new venture is created by an entrepreneur Entrepreneurial culture The environment of an entrepreneurial-oriented organization Entrepreneurship Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 16 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602Entrepreneurship within an existing business organization Opportunity appointment T he process by which an entrepreneur comes up with the opportunity for a new venture Opportunity parameters Barriers to new product creation and development Top management commitment Managers in an organization strongly supporting Entrepreneurship traditionalistic managers Managers in a non-entrepreneurial-oriented organization Window of opportunity The time period available for creating the new venture VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 17 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU THE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND (continued) Lesson 06 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. To explain the differences between entrepreneurial and managerial domains. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. To identify the general characteristics of an entrepreneur. To explain the process of establishing entrepreneurship in an organization.CORPORATE VERSUS INTRAPRENEURIAL CULTURE Smaller, aggressive, entrepre neurial firms are developing more new products and becoming dominant in certain markets. Many companies are attempting to create the same spirit, culture, and rewards of entrepreneurship in their organizations. The typical corporate culture has a climate and reward system that favors conservative decision making. strain is on gathering large amounts of data as the basis for a rational decision. Risky decisions are often postponed until hard facts are collected or a consultant is hired. Often there are so many approvals required that no individual feels personally responsible for the project. The steer principles in a traditional corporate culture are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Follow instructions given Do not make mistakes Do not fail Do not take initiative Stay within your sod and protect your backside This restrictive environment is not conducive to creativity, flexibility, and risk taking The guiding principles of intrapreneurs Aspects of an Entrepreneurial culture are quite different 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Develop visions, goals, and action plans Be rewarded for actions taken Suggest, try, and experiment Create and develop Take responsibility and ownership There are differences in the norms of the two cultures. The traditional culture is hierarchical in nature, with established procedures, lines of authority, and control mechanisms. These support the present corporate culture, and do not encourage new venture creation.The culture of an intrapreneurial firm has a flat organizational structure with engagementing, teamwork, sponsors, and mentors. conterminous working relationships help establish an atmosphere or trust that facilitates acquirement of visions. Individuals make suggestions across functional areas, resulting in cross-fertilization of ideas. The two cultures evoke different types of individuals and management styles. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 18 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU Motivation handed-down managers are motivated primarily by promot ion and typical corporate rewards. Entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs thrive on independence and the ability to create.Intrapreneurs expect their cognitive process to be suitably rewarded. There are also time orientation differences. Managers emphasize the short run, entrepreneurs the long run, and intrapreneurs somewhere in between. Intrapreneurs use a shopping mall mode between delegation of managers and direct involvement of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs are break risk takers managers are much more cautious. Most entrepreneurs fail at least once, and Intrapreneurs learn to conceal risky projects from management until the last possible moment. Traditional managers tend to be most concerned about those at higher levels, entrepreneurs serve self and customers, and intrapreneurs add sponsors.CLIMATE FOR INTRAPRENEURSHIP In establishing an Intrapreneurial environment, certain factors and drawing cardship characteristics need to be present. The first of these is that the organization operates on the frontiers of technology. Since research and development are key sources for new product ideas, the firm must operate on the cutting edge of technology and encourage and supporting new ideas sort of of discouraging them. Second is experimentation, or trial and error, is encouraged. Successful new products usually do not appear fully developed instead they evolve. A company wanting to establish an intrapreneurial spirit has to establish an environment that allows mistakes and failures.Without the opportunity to fail, few corporate intrapreneurial ventures will be developed. Third an organization should make sure that there are no initial opportunity parameters, such as turf protection, inhibiting creativity in new product development. Fourth, the resources of the firm need to be available and easily accessible. Often, insufficient cash are allocated not to creating something new but instead to solving a problem that have an immediate effect on the bo ttom line. Some companies, such as Xerox, 3M, and AT&038T have established intermit venture capital areas for funding new internal ventures. Fifth a multidisciplinary team approach needs to be encouraged.One key to Intrapreneurial success is the being of skunkworks involving key people. Developing the needed team work for a new venture is further complicated by the fact that a team members promotion within the corporation is related to performance in the current position, not in the new venture. The corporate environment must establish a long time horizon for evaluating the success of the overall program. Sixth the spirit of intrapreneurship cannot be forced on individuals it must be voluntary. Most managers in a corporation are not capable of being successful intrapreneurs. Those who do emerge from this self pick process must be allowed the latitude to carry a project through to completion.An intrapreneur falls in love with the new venture and will do almost anything to ensure i ts success. The seventh characteristic is a reward system. The intrapreneur needs to be appropriately rewarded for the cleverness and effort expended on the new venture. An equity position in the new venture is one of the best motivational methods. Eight a corporate environment favorable for intrapreneurship has sponsors and champions passim the organization that supports the creative activity and resulting failures. Finally the intrapreneurial activity must be whole-heartedly supported by top management. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 19 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VUTHE ENTREPRENEURIAL AND INTRAPRENEURIAL MIND (continued) Lesson 07 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. To explain the aspects of the entrepreneurial process. To explain the differences between entrepreneurial and managerial domains. To explain the organizational environment conducive for entrepreneurship. To identify the general characteristics of an Entrepreneur. To explain the process of establishing entr epreneurship in an organization. INTRAPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS There are certain individual characteristics needed for a person to be successful Entrepreneurs, including 1. rationality the environment 2. Being visionary and flexible 3. Creating management options 4.Encourage teamwork while employing a multi-disciplined approach 5. Encouraging open discussion 6. Building a coalescency of supporters, and persisting An Entrepreneur needs to understand all aspects of the environment. Part of this ability is reflected in individuals level of creativity. Creativity tends to decrease with age and education. The individual must be creative and have a broad understanding of the internal and external environments of the corporation. The intrapreneurial person must be a visionary leader-a person who dreams great dreams. Leadership is the ability to dream great things and communicate them in a way that people say yes to being a part of the dream.To establish a successful new vent ure, the intrapreneurial leader must have a dream and overcome all obstacles to achieve it. The third necessary characteristic is that the intrapreneur must be flexible and create management options. An intrapreneur is open to and encourages change. By challenging the beliefs and assumptions of the corporation, an intrapreneur can create something new in the organization structure. He or she must possess the ability to encourage teamwork and use a multi-disciplined approach. Every new company formation requires a broad range of business skills. The intrapreneur must be a good diplomat to minimize disruption. Open discussion must be encouraged to develop a good team for creating something new.Many corporate managers have forgotten that frank, open discussion is part of the learning process. A successful venture can be formed only when the team feels the freedom to disagree and to critique an idea. The degree of openness among the team depends on the degree of openness of the intrapre neur. Openness leads to a strong coalition of supporters and encouragers. The intrapreneur must encourage each team member, particularly during hard times. A good intrapreneur makes everyone a hero. Only through persistence will a new venture be created and successful commercialization result. ESTABLISHING INTRAPRENEURSHIP IN THE ORGANIZATION To establish an intrapreneurial environment, the organization must implement a procedure.This can be done internally, but it is easier to use an outsider to facilitate the process. This is particularly true when the environment is very traditional. There are some move involved in it. maltreat 1 The first step is to secure a commitment to intrapreneurship in the organization by top, upper, and middle management. Without top management commitment, the organization will never be able to make the necessary changes. Once top management has committed to intrapreneurship for a sufficient length of time, the concept is introduced throughout the organ ization. This is effectively accomplished through seminars. General guidelines need to be Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 20 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU stablished for intrapreneurial venture development. Next, intrapreneurial leaders need to be identified, selected, and trained. flavor 2 Ideas and general interest areas should be identified, along with the amount of risk money that is available. The overall expectations and target results should be established, specifying time frame, profitability requirements, and impact of the organization. A mentor/sponsor system needs to be established. mensuration 3 A company needs to use technology to make itself faster and more flexible. Technology has allowed small companies to act like they are big ones. Large companies can use technology to make them reactive and flexible.Step 4 The organization can use a group of managers to train and component part their experiences with other members. These sessions should be conducted one day per month for a specified period of time. Information about intrapreneurship and about the companys specific activities should be well publicized. Step 5 The organization needs to develop ways to get closer to its customers by tapping the data base, hiring from smaller rivals, and helping the retailer. Step 6 An organization must learn to be more productive with fewer resources. With middle management cutbacks, more control has been given to lower levels of the organization. The span of control should be increased. Step 7 The organization needs to establish a strong support structure.Because they do not immediately affect the bottom line, intrapreneurial activities can be overlooked and receive little funding. These ventures require flexible, innovative behavior, with the intrapreneurs having total authority over expenditures and access to funds. Step 8 The support must involve trying the rewards to the performance of the intrapreneurial unit. This encourages team members t o work harder and compete more effectively. The equity subdivision of the compensation is particularly difficult to handle. Step 9 The organization needs to implement an evaluation system that allows successful units to expand and unsuccessful ones to be eliminated.PROBLEMS AND SUCCESSFUL EFFORTS Intrapreneurship, also called corporate venturing, is not without problems. One study found that new ventures started within a corporation performed worse than those started independently. Independent start-ups tend to outperform corporate start-ups. There are many examples of companies that have successfully implemented intrapreneurship. 3M allows employees to devote 15 percent of their time to independent projects. afterward failing to recognize the potential of Wozniaks personal computer, Hewlett-Packard has taken steps to take advantage of future opportunities. Even IBM has developed the independent business unit concept. The problems of ntrapreneurship are not insurmountable, and the concept can lead to new products, growth and the development of an entirely new corporate environment and culture. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 21 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 THE someone ENTREPRENEUR Lesson 08 LEARNING OBJECTIV ES 1. To identify some key entrepreneurial feelings and motivations. 2. To identify key elements in an entrepreneurs ground. 3. To discuss the importance of role models and support systems. 4. To identify the resemblingities and differences between male and female entrepreneurs. 5. To explain the differences between inventors and entrepreneurs. VU ENTREPR E NEURIAL FEELINGS There is no true entrepreneurial profile- entrepreneurs come from many educational backgrounds, family situations, and work experiences.A potential entrepreneur may presently be a nurse, secretary, conference line worker, sales person, mechanic, home maker, manager or engineer. A potential entrepreneur can be male or female and of any race or nationality. locale of Contr ol One concern people have when forming is whether they will be able to sustain the drive and energy required to form something new and to manage the new enterprise and make it grow. While research results are inconsistent, internal control seems to be a characteristic of entrepreneurs. Internal beliefs appear to differentiate entrepreneurs from the general public, but not from managers. Managers and entrepreneurs both have an internality tendency. Feelings about Independence and Need for Achievement.The entrepreneur also has the need for independence, to do things in his or her own way and time. Another controversial characteristic is the entrepreneurs need for achievement. McClelland specified three attributes as characteristics of entrepreneurs 1. Individual responsibility for solving problems and setting and achieving goals. 2. Moderate risk taking as a function of skill. 3. Knowledge of results of decision/task accomplishment. McClelland concluded that a high need for achieveme nt leads individuals to engage in entrepreneurial behavior, although other studies have been inconsistent. Risk Taking Risk taking seems a part of the entrepreneurial process.However, it has not yet been empirically established whether risk-taking is a distinguishing characteristics of entrepreneurs. ENTREPR E NEURIAL BACKGRO UND AND CHARACT E RIST ICS Only a few background characteristics have differentiated the entrepreneur from the general populace or managers. Childhood Family Environment The impact of birth order and social status has had conflicting research results. There is strong evidence that entrepreneurs, both male and female, tend to have self-employed or entrepreneurial fathers. Having a father who is self-employed provides a strong inspiration in the example of independence and flexibility of self-employment.This feeling of independence is often further enforced by an entrepreneurial mother. The overall parental Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 22 Entreprene urship&8212MGT602 VU relationship may be the most important aspect of the childhood environment in establishing the desirability of entrepreneurial activity. Parents of entrepreneurs need to be supportive and encourage independence, achievement, and responsibility. This supportive relationship appears to be most important for females. Female entrepreneurs tend to grow up in middle- to upper-class environments, where families are child-centered, and are similar to their fathers in personality.KEY TERMS Departure points The activities occurring when the venture is started Inventor An individual who creates something new Locus of control An attribute indicating the sense of control that a person has over life Moral-support network Individuals who give psychological support to an entrepreneur Entrepreneurship MGT602 VU Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 23 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU THE INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR (continued) Lesson 09 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To identify some key entrepreneurial feelings and motivations. 2. To identify key elements in an entrepreneurs background. 3. To discuss the importance of role models and support systems. 4. To identify the similarities and differences between male and female entrepreneurs. 5. To explain the differences between inventors and entrepreneurs.ENTREPRENEURIAL BACKGROUND AND CHARACTERISTICS Education Education appears important in the upbringing of the entrepreneur, in the level of education obtained and in playing a major role in coping with problems. Although formal education is not necessary for starting a new business, it does provide a good background. In education, female entrepreneurs previously experienced some disadvantage, with few having degrees in engineering, science, or math. The ability to deal with people and communicate intelligibly in written and spoken work is also important. Personal determine Studies have failed to indicate that entrepreneurs can be differentiated on personal valued fr om managers, unsuccessful entrepreneurs, or the general public. Leadership, support, aggression, benevolence, conformity, creativity, veracity, and resource seeking may also be important.A successful entrepreneur is frequently characterized as a winner winning may be a prerequisite for his or her actually becoming one. Age Entrepreneurial age is the age of the entrepreneur reflected in the experience. Entrepreneurial experience is one of the best predictors of success. In chronological age, most entrepreneurs start their careers between ages 22 and 55. Earlier starts in an entrepreneurial career seem to be better than later ones. Generally, male entrepreneurs start their first venture in their early 30s, while women tend to do so in their middle 30s. Work History Dissatisfaction with ones job often motivates the launching of a new venture. Previous technical and industry experience is also important once the decision to start a business is made.Experience in the following areas is p articularly important financing product or service development manufacturing development of distribution conduct and preparation of a marketing plan. As the venture becomes established, managerial experience and skills become more important. Entrepreneurial experience becomes increasingly important as the complexity of the venture increases. MOTIVATION While motivations may vary, the reason cited most often for becoming an entrepreneur independence-not wants to work for anyone else. Other motivating factors differ between male and female entrepreneurs. Money is the second reason for mens starting a venture. Job satisfaction, achievement, opportunity, and money are the second order reasons for women. Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 24 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VUKEY TERMS Motivations That causes people to do something Need for achievement An individuals need to be recognized Need for independence. Being ones own boss-one of the strongest needs of an entrepreneur Professi onal-support network Individuals who help the entrepreneur in business activities Role models Individuals influencing an entrepreneurs career choice and style Social status The level at which an individual in viewed by society Work history The past work experiences of an individual Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 25 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU THE INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR (continued) Lesson 10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. To identify some key entrepreneurial feelings and motivations. 2.To identify key elements in an entrepreneurs background. 3. To discuss the importance of role models and support systems. 4. To identify the similarities and differences between male and female entrepreneurs. 5. To explain the differences between inventors and entrepreneurs. ROLE MODELS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS One of the most important factors influencing entrepreneurs in their career choice is role models. Role models can be parents, relatives, or successful entrepreneurs in the community. Role mod els can also serve in a supportive capacity as mentors during and after the new venture is launched. This support system is most crucial during the start-up phase.It is important that an entrepreneur establish connections to support resources early in the venture formation process. As contacts expand they form a network with density (extensiveness of ties between two individuals) and centrality (the total distance of the entrepreneur to all other individuals. ) The strength of ties between the entrepreneur and any individual is dependent on the frequency, level, and reciprocity of the relationship. An informal network for moral and professional support benefits the entrepreneur. Moral-Support interlocking It is important for the entrepreneur to establish a moral support network of family and friends. Most entrepreneurs indicate that their spouses are their biggest supporters.Friends can provide advice that is more honest than that received from others, plus encouragement, understan ding, and assistance. Relatives can also be sources of moral support, particularly if they are also entrepreneurs. Professional-Support Network The entrepreneur also needs advice and counsel, which can be obtained from members of a professional support network. A mentor-protege relationship is an excellent way to secure the needed professional advice. The mentor is a coach, sounding board, and advocate. The individual selected needs to be an expert in the field. An entrepreneur can initiate the mentor-finding process by identifying and contacting a number of experts.The mentor should be periodically apprised of the progress of the business so that a relationship can gradually develop. Another source of advice is a network of business associates. Self-employed individuals who have experience in starting a business are good sources. Clients and buyers are also important as they provide word-of-mouth advertising. Suppliers are good components of the professional-support network-they he lp to establish credibility with creditors and customers, and provide good information on trends in the industry. Trade associations are good network additions, as they keep up with new developments and can provide overall industry data. Affiliations ith individuals developed in hobbies, sporting events, civic involvements and school alumni groups are excellent sources of referrals, advice, and information. Each entrepreneur needs to establish both a moral- and a professional-support network to share problems with and gain overall support. MALE VERSUS FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS Women are now starting new ventures at three times the rate of men. Women form over 70 Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan 26 Entrepreneurship&8212MGT602 VU percent of all new businesses. Women now own over 8. 5 million small businesses, an increase of over 45 percent since 1990. In some respects female entrepreneurs possess very different motivations, business skills, and occupational backgrounds.Factors in the start-up process for male and female entrepreneurs are different, especially in such areas as support systems, sources of funds, and problems. Men are motivated by the drive to control their own destinies. Women tend to be more motivated by the need for achievement arising from job thwarting. Departure points and reasons for starting the business are similar for both men and women. Both generally have a strong interest and experience in the area of their venture. For men, the transition to a new venture is easier when the venture is an outgrowth of a present job. Women often leave a previous occupation with a high level of frustration and enthusiasm for the new venture rather than experience.Start-Up Financing Males often have investors, bank loans, or personal loans in addition to personal funds as sources of startup capital. Women usually rely solely on personal assets or savings. Obtaining financing and lines of credit are major problems for women. Occupations Both groups te nd to have experience in the field of their ventures. Men more often have experience in manufacturing, finance, or technical areas. Most women usually have administrative experience, often in service-related fields. Personality Both men and women tend to be energetic, goal-oriented, and independent. Men are often more cocksure and less flexible and tolerant than women. Backgrounds The backgrounds of male and female entrepreneurs tend to be similar.Women are little older when they embark on their careers. Men often have studied in technical- or business-related areas, while women tend to have liberal arts education. Many women busi

Curious Incident of a Family Break Up

Curious incident of a family break up Mark Haddon expresses the importance of family relationships inside society itself. He does this through the clear(p) and perfect understanding of the deficiency and absence of love portrayed in the midst of his pargonnts and himself. Christophers suffering of Aspergers syndrome is transparent towards his parents as they materialize it herculean to move to Christophers behavior.Both parents had to deal with Christophers persistent obsession with mathematics, amount (prime numbers apply through out the set forthning of ein truth chapter) as their son is a single minded human being with and extraordinary talent go about upon detailual data that only he bottomland obtain as many privynot. Christophers mother is an important promoter among his flavor as he is told a lie from his fuss about his mother whirl from cancer. But in fact from the hard troubled arguments from the relationship of his parents towards individually(prenominal) other, Christophers inability to deal with lovingness is a huge factor of why Mr. and Mrs.Boone are driven apart. Christopher does not understand how affection works, which would average that Mr. and Mrs. Boone do not take away a romantic relationship to begin with. If Mr. and Mrs. Boone do not line of battle affection towards each other, it is not compass a very commodity drill towards Christopher. When Christophers mother wrote him, she said, We had a lot of arguments homogeneous that, and by the end we stopped talking to each other because we knew it would end up as an argument and go no where. I felt veryly lonely (107). Mrs. Boone is giving an example of how she runs away(p) from all her problems lede up to when she left Christopher.The stress of having to raise a child like Christopher drove her to leaving the family. Christopher can be serious and irritating in many ship canal because he is unable to show how he feels towards his parents, so they neer whop how h e is feeling. Also, he never knows how his parents are feeling. When Christophers mother said, Christopher, let me hold your hand, just for once. Just for me entrust you? I will hold it hard(194). Christopher told her that he did not like holding hands. It proves that he has no knowledge of what love signifys and affection towards your family. Also, Mrs.Boone said, I could not walk for one month, do you remember? Your preceptor had to look after you. I remember looking at the devil of you and seeing you deuce together and thinking how you were really different with him. You were a lot calmer, and it made me sad, because it made the think that you did not guide me at all(108). This quote can be enigmatic, because it is portraying that Mrs. Boone as upset that Christopher did not need her, but yet she exits the family because of the stress of her autistic child. Mrs. Boone has a conf using way of showing affection, leading Christopher of not having a very tidy example of a mot her.The lack of communication between Mr. and Mrs. Boone and Christopher puts a terrific amount of stress on the family because the Boones never know what Christopher whitethorn be thinking or wanting at that time. Mr. and Mrs. Boone has to adjust to his ways of communication making it difficult for other people to understand how he communicates. For example, when the policeman grabbed Christopher, but they were never meaning to harm him(8). Christopher thought that by the policeman grabbing him they were trying to hurt him, when only they were trying to get his attention.Also, Christopher does not understand the importance of communication which means that i does not mean a lot of him. The Boones do not always know Christophers needs and wants. This leads up to Mr. and Mrs. Boone fighting over their views of what Christopher wants. Mrs. Boone would get very stressed out about not knowing what Christopher wants and just basically give up. Christopher can be a difficult child becau se he can sometimes not know when it is time to stop, and that is what is making Mrs. Boone so stressed out. Christopher might think it is time to play when really Mr. and Mrs. Boone are wanting some quiet time to relax.Haddon persuades the important quality of law throughout the novel towards the direction of our society. Christophers obsession with truth is nonionized among the world through his perceptions on the basis. During the story as he feels secure, he needs order and certainty, and facts and logic provide this security. Christopher feels the need to be scare and yet shaky towards the things that didnt happen which bedevils him feel insecure and so forth Metaphors are a language technique in which Christopher cannot understand. He believes metaphors become lies towards society as they are false stories and fiction falls within the limits of lies.Christopher accepts similes as this technique provides truthfulness and they also emphasize the appearance of what two thing s feature in common. With the acceptation of hard facts within Christophers life he refuses to obtain the knowledge and believe of god and the afterlife. Christopher says that he cant tell lies. This is the way he truthfully copes with life itself and the unreal events which fill him with the infinite number of things. Christopher then pushes the boundaries of hypocrisy to himself through act the investigation when he told people for example his father he would stop.His father then tends to find out with the quote of you knew exactly what you were doing. During the novel we find out as well as Christopher that his mother is true in fact alive. This is a great impact among Christopher as he hates lying as he quotes A lie is when you say something happened which didnt happen. another(prenominal) quote is I do not tell lies. Mother used to say that this was because I was a good personit is because I cant tell lies. The repetition and usage of the boy And creates a smell of comf orting and secureness for Christopher as well as a few number of rituals.The usage of And provides Christopher with the ability to recount each information or incident he has accounted. As for me it is annoying to read but the fact that Christopher has a good memory for speech is observed. One of the rituals Christopher obsesses with is the observation of cars on the way to school as he organizes them into red meaning good and brown and yellow meaning bad. He implies this to his normal day routine. So if he sees a red car he will yield a good/normal day but if he sees a brown or yellow he knows his day isnt pass to go too well. Mr. Jevons asked me whether this made me feel safe, having things always in exquisite order and I said I did The justification he gives for using these rituals is formed on the scared and shaky responses which mean that his great need to impose order on a lack of a word is in use. Christopher believes telling the truth is an important aspect among lives a s he is revealed that his father killed Wellington the dog and told him that his mother had passed which makes Christopher become very panicky of his father.Christopher flees in terror as he quotes he could murder me, because I couldnt trust him, even though he said, trust me, because he had told a lie about a big thing The composer achieves real aspects of telling the truth and telling a lie which happens on a normally daily basis. Christophers constant need for attention pushes the Boones apart because they arrive no time for themselves. Mr. and Mrs. Boone revolve their lives around Christophers needy life style which led to them to spending every moment with Christopher. Mr.Boone says how he is going to get Christopher ready for his bath, change him, and get him ready for bed(115). This is an example of how he spends every moment revolving his life to Christophers need for sponsor because of his disability. In the book, The Curious Case of the Dog in the Night-Time, Christoph er display a long list of the things that his mother and father cook to deal with on a daily basis with his disability(46). All of these things are responsibilities and other things that Mr. and Mrs. Boone have to keep on their minds through the day.Having an autistic child is like having a second job to Mr. and Mrs. Boone. Mr. Boone gives no attention to Mrs. Boone, because he is always move his life towards the neediness of an autistic child. Mrs. Boone may the want attention from another male, leading her to putting all of her attention towards another lifestyle. This stressful lifestyle caused Mrs. Boone to leave and want to have another life of no worries or responsibilities. Also, Christopher says that he is nervous about his parents getting a divorce because they have a child with behavioral problems(45,46).This explains one of the reasons why Mrs. Boone wanted out of the family because she wants to have children that do not give her such a headache every single day. Christ ophers confidence of truthful matter, in logic and facts, does not defend him from the real society. His many efforts to pursue the truth of Wellingtons murder results in the discovery of his understanding with the world as it is base on a lie. Christopher also learns that although he likes to have things in a nice order, real life is often very deranged, and he cannot always control this.By the end of the novel the composer achieves Christophers balance as he returns to normal life, he is regained both parents and has the knowledge that he has coped in difficult circumstances. Mark Haddon achieves the novel with great aspects of this and portrays the actual concerns among a society. Mr. and Mrs. Boone would have a much more suitable relationship if they would set their priorities straight, and make time for each other to be able to go out and have a romantic night together. Obviously, they did not have a romantic relationship, so that could have driven Mrs.Boone away from the fami ly, along with the difficult lifestyle of raising Christopher. In conclusion, Christopher lived a very spoiled lifestyle by being shown attention by his parents all his life. He could not help that he had to have attention shown towards him because of his disability, but it led to the trifling lifestyle between Mr. and Mrs. Boone. If they could have balanced out their schedules, Mr. Boone would not have had to lie to his child about his mothers death, when really she moved away spot having an affair.